tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44179049131697811562024-02-19T06:51:47.083-08:00Ma-lai-sia lah...马来西亚Blog on the country, Malaysia. The people, the history and the land. There may be sour and sweet memory, it is still good memory. The cultural diversity, and the differences make us unique. The blog will provide fact, common ground, joy and sadness,which are part of living, we cannot avoid; but we can look at it on more part of our journey....Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.comBlogger94125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-79606787136038670782011-07-12T20:35:00.000-07:002011-07-12T20:38:32.653-07:00Malbari in malaysia<iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/c14P2vAFC3c" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/9GXbP9Vr4d4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/oCeuvJIvDZo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-26974203707552968832011-04-25T01:47:00.001-07:002011-04-25T01:47:53.537-07:00Malaysian Telugus IndianHistory of Telugus in Malaysia <br /><br />ACCORDING to some records in the National Archives, libraries, museums and other individual sources, Telugu emigrants first arrived in Malaysia as agriculture workers for private enterprise from Mauritius Island in the Indian Ocean.<br />The labourers were originally to be sent to Malaysia but were taken to Mauritius instead, much to their disappointment! They were sent to work in the sugar cane plantations there, and this was in the year 1835.<br />Original registers if immigrant labour exhibited for public information at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial hall in Mauritius have been preserved at our national Archives in Malaysia.<br /><br />An article under the heading leading Telugus in Early Malaya published in the New Straits Times on Sept 24, 2001, states that the first Indian Association in Malaya was initiated by a Telugu, A.Subbiah Naidu, in Penang in 1892.<br /><br />The article, written by history professor Datuk Dr.Khoo Kay Kim of the University of Malaya said that and another branch of the Indian Association was established in Taiping in 1894. This branch was headed by M.A.C. Rao.<br /><br /><br />Organized migration<br />However, the Indian Association was not an active movement, and so one reverend Raju Naidu stepped in and inspired the movement. He revived the one at Taiping, which had ceased functioning, in April 1906.<br /><br />Two other prominent Telugu gentlemen, J, AppaRao and V.Rajagopal Naidu, joined as committee members. Rev. Raju Naidu went on to register the association in Taiping as the Indian Association of the FMS, on April 1906. He formed another branch in lpoh on June 9, 1906 with 12 members. Sengarayan Naidu, a wealthy contractor from lpoh, contributed generously towards the association which was named the Kinta Indian Association (KIA). It remains active to this day. Sengarayan contributed much to the local community, not just to the Telugus, and he was honoured for this, In fact, a road in Ipoh- Jalan Sengalrayan- has been named after him.<br /><br />Under the British Administration of Malaya, representatives from the various ethnic groups were chosen to sit in the Federal and State Councils. One of them was S.H. Veerraswamy, a Telugu who also became an accredited leader of the Indians in Malaya. He was a lawyer and a graduate from the world renowned University of Oxford. Though, few in number, these gentlemen were of an elite class. They strived hard to bring unity to the Indian community, without expecting any reward or personal glory. The Telugus kept a low profile. Many of them who had come to serve in Malaysia prayed significant roles as teachers, traders and businessmen, agricultural labourers and members of various professions.<br /><br />Immigration from India in an organized manner commenced around 1907, and this was largely as a system of indentured labour to serve the rubber plantations that were rapidly opening up, and as labour for the building of public amenities and the provision of services. Along with them came the more educated group, to serve as clerks, teachers and other professions. The waves of Indian labour to Malaysia for the agricultural plantations and as general labour for public works began increasing so much and there was plenty of exploitation.<br /><br /><br /><br />The British Administration then attempted to bring some sanity to the process by implementing an organized import of labour”. This took the form of legislation, known as the labour Code of 1912. Under this Code, the Indian immigration Fund was introduced, under which the following facilities were provided to the indentured labourers from South India:<br />Free passage to the Federated Malay states of Johor, Kedah,Perlis and Kelantan<br />Expenses for the recruitment of labourers and the maintenance of homes for workers were reimbursed<br />Quarantine and health facilities were introduced<br />Depots to process the labourers were maintained at Avadi, Madras, and Nagapatnam in south India and at Penang in the Straits Settlements.<br /><br />The forgotten ones<br />Exploitation did not end. Another attempt at organized labour import was made with a fresh Labour Code in 1923, which introduced licenses for the so called Kanganis to authorize agents to recruit labourers under a :manageable: system called the Sanji Labour System.<br /><br />This method was to better organise the collection of funds and make disbursements as duly authorised under the provisions of the 1912 Labour Code. However, the exploitations never ended, and in 1938 the Government of India decided to cease to allow emigration to the Far East.<br /><br />Today, many Malaysians of Indian origin as well as those of other races may not know how the early Indian settlers suffered in the developing countries. They came from a fairly good life, hoping for better times. However, it dawned on them, especially those in the plantation sector, that they were just the “slaves” of a system devised to stifle their spirit.<br /><br />They were provided with poor housing, unhygienic sanitary conditions, long working hours, poor wages and the list goes on. Many untold miseries were suffered by them, and inhumane abuses were hurled at them. They toiled on, undaunted, undeterred. They put up with oppression, suppression, poverty and sickness- what immigrants through out the history of mankind have faced. It was their tenacity of spirit in the face of hardship that saw them through to making immense contributions to the growth, progress, development and prosperity of Malaysia.<br /><br />Telugu Association<br />In 1955 the Telugu community formed an organization called as Malaya Andhra Sangamu on 17th July 1955 , changing it later on 16th December 1963 and later on from 1983 as TELUGU ASSOCATION OF MALAYSIA (TAM), which is also known as Malaysia Telugu Sangamu or as Persatuan Telugu Malaysia in the national language. The principal objective of the Telugu Association of Malaysia is to unite and merge the Telugus of the country under one roof in an effort to promote the language and culture of the community, their interests and general well being and to foster goodwill and racial harmony among the communities of Malaysia. TAM is serving about 300,000, Telugu population in this country. There are, to date 26 branches nationwide.<br /><br />Among its endeavours of TAM is Saamskruthika Nilayam (TSN), a cultural centre for Telugus situated in Serendah, Hulu Selangor which is purely depending on well wishers and donors. To name a few other ownerships, TAM has one Sri Venkateswara Temple at Sungai Sumun, Perak, a five storey building(Telugu Bhavanamu) in a strategic location in Kuala Lumpur, a three storey building in Kulim, an office space in Rawang, Ipoh, Skudai,Johore and a single storey building at Klang are among some of the assets in its possession. Specifically, the TAM has become a reality in the making and we are confident that others will play an effective role in making this project a SUCCESS.<br /><br />PTM operates from its own premise at No 9-1A Udarama Complex, Telugu Bhavanamu, Jalan 1/64A off Jalan Ipoh, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. <br /><br />Telugu Education in Malaysia<br />In 1960's there were more than 60 National Type Primary Telugu Schools in Malaysia .These schools were in Perak,Selangor,Negeri Sembian,Kedah, Johore and Pahang, as wherever there were heavy pockets of Telugu population.<br /><br />Malaysian Secondary School Entrance Examination was then conducted in these schools just like in other primary schools. From 1985 till 1986, Telugu language was offered in OSC/MCE level while from 1968-1992 Telugu language was offered as an optional subject in LCE/PMR examination.In 1991 the Education Director then announced that optional papers such as Punjabi,Telugu and French would no longer be offered from 1993. because they were not in the Integrated Secondary School Curriculum but these subjects would be offered at SPM level. It was strange that Telugu language was taken away in LCE/PMR but to be offered at SPM level. But the Telugu Community was greatly disappointed when the promise to offer Telugu at the SPM level was not implemented. Till to date the Telugu language is not offered either at PMR or SPM level. Article 152(1)(b) of the Federal Constitution guarantees to teach or learn any other language.<br /><br />Since 1993 no examinations were held for Telugu language. As a result, there was no incentive or motivation for the students to pursue the subject. Being already overburdened with exam oriented subjects, the students and even parents find it a burden for their children to attend the Telugu classes being a non-exam subject. Hence, the number of pupils attending Telugu Classes/Pupils own language (POL) had much dropped. But whatever case Telugu is still been taught at about 25 government schools.<br /><br />TAM is encouraging POL classes by conducting voluntary classes in all 26 TAM branches nationwide, holding educational and cultural seminars/workshops and various other activities. But our efforts seem futile at times, especially among the younger generations. We only ask our mother-tongue which was here prior to independence and after independence till 1992 to be reinstated in PMR examination so that Telugu language and culture will not be decimated. Telugus have contributed significantly, to the rich cultural heritage of our nation. Loss of Telugu language and culture will be a dent to the rich cultural heritage of Malaysia. So, by including Telugu language in PMR/SPM it will facilitate our efforts immensely and it will spur us further in the promotion of Telugu language and the students too will be motivated to take the subject.<br /><br />To maintain our the identity language is a must. It is the soul of our race. Your action will save the survival of Telugu community. TAM has faith and confidence in you that you’ll not let Telugu language and culture to become extinct in this lovely land. We have appealed to the Ministry of Education and the cabinet to reinstate Telugu language in PMR/SPM<br /><br /><br />Newsletter<br />The TAM’s newsletter ‘ Sanga Charyulu’ is published quarterly and carries news about the regional activities of the persatuan in both Telugu and English. Vice President Sri P S Ramunaidu compiles and edits the articles before distributing the newsletter to all branches.<br /><br />Radio & Tv<br />About 1 ½ hour Telugu programmes daily are except on Sunday. During festive seasons especially Telugu New Year Ugadi special programmes were initiated and aired over national Radio Minnal FM and Tv Telugu songs request via SMS is on every Monday from 3.30pm to 4.30pm – MV space…..(message)…. 32770<br /><br />Presently TV 2 has been screening three Telugu movies yearly. However for last two year only two Telugu films were screened. TAM has been appealed to the authorities.<br /><br />Astro being a private pay R/TV station, it telecast Telugu movies and a drama serials weekly. TAM has been appealing to increase the frequency of the Telugu movies and daily serials.<br /><br />MitV another second private pay channel has brought Maa TV, a Telugu channel from Andhra Pradesh and has been operational from 5/9/2005 in Klang Valley. The Telugus living away from Klang Valley are impatiently waiting to receive this Telugu channel.<br /><br /><br />SREE VENKATESWARA TEMPLE<br />Annually the Sree Venkateswara Temple at Sungai Sumun, Perak of TAM Lower Perak branch conducts Dasara and other festivals.<br />Telugus in Malaysia Politics<br />Among all the Telugus who are in politics, a number of them are found in number of committees and YB K R A Naidu is the only state assembly representative.<br /><br />TAM also aims to encourage the use of the Telugu language in the country and to popularise Telugu literature and culture. It recognizes that attention is needed to revive, promote and expand cultural activities throughout the country.<br /><br />It is now hoping to compile statistics of the Telugu populations in Malaysia, in order to use this information as bargaining power when meeting the authorities to seek opportunities for the Telugu people, which are believed to number around 3000,000 in Malaysia.<br /><br />The association is also initiating several activities to raise funds in order to assist needy Telugu students to pursue tertiary education, locally and abroad. Another project of the association is to encourage the active participation of Telugu in business and in national youth programmes.<br /><br />It plans to begin research to write the history of Telugu immigration to Malaysia and the contributions and achievements of early Malayan Telugus.<br /><br />http://enkatesulujuval.blogspot.com/2009/02/history-of-telugus-in-malaysia.htmlBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-14900381661725411932010-07-22T02:47:00.000-07:002010-07-22T02:48:02.284-07:00Oh Malaysia (With Lyrics)...Anneke Gronloh<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/-dDtSuMX1is&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-dDtSuMX1is&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-45859044713159585772010-07-21T05:53:00.000-07:002010-07-21T06:07:42.003-07:00New Village<object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/RPA_Evi-hPk&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RPA_Evi-hPk&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zveI5Z_ihQY&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zveI5Z_ihQY&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/A65fehvMXgc&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/A65fehvMXgc&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/3V5BSsPx5iE&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3V5BSsPx5iE&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/UFOA6yzSjXY&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/UFOA6yzSjXY&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/KxhiifjbmXw&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/KxhiifjbmXw&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="385"></embed></object>Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-78088204520466589602010-07-19T20:24:00.000-07:002010-07-19T21:09:06.153-07:00Foochow people(福州人)Fuzhou(福州) also seen as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau, Fuh-Chow, Hock Chew or Hokchew in earlier Western documents, is the capital and the largest municipality of Fujian (福建) province, People's Republic of China. The city is also referred to as Rongcheng (榕城 or Ṳ̀ng-siàng) which means "city of banyan trees".<br /><br />Along with the many counties of Ningde(宁德), those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (闽东, literally East of Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.<br /><br />Fuzhou's core counties lie on the north (or left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River(闽江). All along its northern border lies Ningde(宁德), and Ningde's Gutian County(古田县) lies upriver. Fuzhou's counties south of the Min border on Putian莆田, Quanzhou泉州, Sanming三明 and Nanping南平 municipalities.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Fuzhou People福州人</span><br /><br />The people of Fuzhou (福州人), also known as Foochowese and Hokchewese, usually refers to people who originate from Fuzhou region and adjacent Gutian County, Pingnan County in Fujian province of the People's Republic of China and in Matsu Islands of the Republic of China. Majority of native Foochowese are Han Chinese and are a part of Min-speaking group, who speaks Eastern Min language or specifically Fuzhou dialect. There is also a significant overseas Foochowese population, particularly distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, United States, Japan, United Kingdom, etc.<br /><br />Some of the famous Fuzhou people are:<br />1. Lin Zexu (林则徐, 1785—1850), Chinese scholar and official, considered a national hero for his strong opposition to the trade of opium before the First Anglo-Chinese War<br />2. Bing Xin (冰心, 1900—1999), female Chinese writer<br />3. Watchman Nee (倪柝声, 1903—1972), Chinese Christian author and church leader<br /><br />In Malaysia Fuzhou people are referred to as "Hockchiu". There are significant numbers of Fuzhou people in Malaysia, mainly in Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Perak; and Sri Jaya, Pahang. In fact, there is a saying that Sibu is the “small Hock Chew province”, Sitiawan is the “small Sibu” and Sri Jaya is the “small Sitiawan”. <br /><br />Many politician, ministers and great enterpreneurs in Malaysia are from Hock Chew people:<br /><br />1. Chin Peng, former OBE[1] (Traditional Chinese: 陳平, Simplified Chinese: 陈平, Mandarin Chén Píng) (born 1924), was born Ong Boon Hua (Mandarin: Wang Yonghua or Wang Wenhua Chinese: 王文華) in Sitiawan, and was a long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). A determined anti-colonialist, he was notorious for leading the party's guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan Emergency and beyond. 陈平在1924年生于马来西亚霹雳州实兆远,籍贯在中国福建省福州的福清Fuqing-shi。父亲王声标,是霹雳州的商人<br /><br />2. Robert Kuok Hock Nien (郭鹤年) (born 6 October 1923, in Johor Bahru, Johor), is an influential Malaysian Chinese businessman. His ancestral land is 中国福建省福州市盖山. <br /><br />According to Forbes his net worth is estimated to be around $10 billion on May 2008, making him the richest person in Southeast Asia.<br /><br />Kuok is media shy and discreet; most of his businesses are privately held by him or his family. Apart from a multitude of businesses in Malaysia, his companies have investments in many countries throughout Asia. His business interests range from sugarcane plantations (Perlis Plantations Bhd), sugar refineries, flour milling, animal feed, oil, mining, finance, hotels, properties, trading, freight and publishing. He was a student from the prestigious school Raffles Institution.<br /><br />3. Tan Sri Datuk Tiong Hiew King (张晓卿) is the Malaysian Chinese founder and chairman of the Rimbunan Hijau Group, a timber company founded in 1975. Its overseas timber operations in Papua New Guinea is the largest in that country. He also has interests in logging operations in Russia.<br /><br />Mr Tiong resides in Sibu, a town in Sarawak, of Borneo island that belongs to Malaysia. He is ancestor is from Foozhou Minqing-xian(福州闽清). <br /><br />With a reported net worth of about US$1.1 billion, Tiong is ranked by Forbes as the 840th richest person in the world. Tiong's Rimbunan Hijau Group also controls Sin Chew Jit Poh and Guang Ming Daily, two of the major Chinese national dailies in Malaysia, The National Daily in Papua New Guinea and Ming Pao Holdings Ltd in Hong Kong. He is forging a global Chinese publishing group with his Ming Pao Enterprises; Ming Pao newspaper is also available in San Francisco (no longer in business since Feb. 15, 2009), New York, Vancouver and Toronto<br /><br />4. Tun Dr. Ling Liong Sik, former Minister of Transport <br /><br />5. Tan Sri Dato' Seri Dr Ting Chew Peh, former Minister of Housing<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Malaysian Foozhou Association</span><br /><br />The Malaysian Foozhou are represented by THE FEDERATION OF FOOCHOW ASSOCIATIONS OF MALAYSIA(马来西亚福州社团联合总会)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Foozhou Associations in Malaysia</span><br /><br />Kedah<br />Kedah Foochow Association<br />785, Jalan Langgar<br />05460 Alor Setar<br />Kedah, Malaysia<br />Tel: 04-7321729<br /><br />Perak<br />The Foochow Association Taiping<br />196-198, Cross Street. No.8<br />34000 Taiping<br />Perak, Malaysia.<br />Tel: 05-8073358<br /><br />Persatuan Foochow Dinding<br />No.22, 1st Floor, Tmn Wong Beng Hea, Kampung Koh<br />32000 Sitiawan<br />Perak, Malaysia<br /><br />South Perak Foochow Associaition<br />67, Jalan Pasar<br />36000 Teluk Intan<br />Perak, Malaysia<br />Tel: 05-6224457, 62211704<br /><br />Selangor<br />Persatuan Foochow Selangor dan Kuala Lumpur<br />18M, Lorong Thambi Dua, Pudu<br />55100 Kuala Lumpur<br />Tel: 03-2412051<br />Fax: 03-2412030<br /><br />Coastal Foo Chew Ten District Association<br />39, Lorong Tingkat, 1st Floor<br />41000 Kelang<br />Selangor, Malaysia<br /><br />Negeri Sembilan<br />Foochow Association of Negeri Sembilan<br />76, Temiang<br />70200 Seremban<br />Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.<br /><br />Johor<br />Hock Chew Association Yong Peng<br />7, Jalan Templer<br />83700 Yong Peng<br />Johor, Malaysia<br /><br />Persatuan Rong Lian dan Fu Zhou Sepuluh, Kawasan Skudai, Johor<br />40A, Jln Temenggong 9<br />Taman Ungku Tun Aminah<br />81300 Skudai<br />Johor, Malaysia<br /><br />Pahang<br />Persatuan Foochow Pahang<br />E-2272/2274, 2nd Floor, Jalan Wong Ah Jang<br />25100 Kuantan<br />Pahang, Malaysia<br />Tel: 09-5142657, 5139498<br /><br />Penang<br /><br />Foo Chow Hoay Kuan Penang(槟城福州会馆)<br />N0.36, Jalan Argyll,<br />10050 Pulau Pinang<br /><br />The Foochow Coffee Shop Owners'Association<br />160 Jalan Gurdwara,<br />10300 Pulau Pinang <br /><br />Sarawak<br />Persatuan Foochow Kuching马来西亚福州古晋公会<br />16-20, Jalan Chan Chin Ann<br />93100 Kuching<br />Sarawak, Malaysia<br />Tel: 082-240653, 240781<br />Fax: 082-240653<br /><br />Sibu Foochow Association诗巫福州公会<br />8-10, Central Road<br />P.O. Box 1697<br />96008 Sibu<br />Sarawak, Malaysia<br />Tel: 084-320445<br />Fax: 084-324427<br /><br />Persatuan Foochow Miri马来西亚美里福州公会,<br />Lot 893, 3rd Floor, Waterfront, <br />Jalan Permaisuri<br />98000 Miri<br />Sarawak, Malaysia<br />Tel: 085-431443<br />Fax: 085-432529 <br /><br />沙罗越古田公会<br />,97, Jln Pedada, <br />96000 Sibu, S<br />arawak, Malaysia. <br />Tel: 084-330925<br /><br />巴都尼亚福州公会<br />Batu Niah Foochow Association<br />Lot 583, Batu Niah Town,<br />Rxtension,<br />98200 Batu Nine,<br />Miri Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6085-736 799 /737 789 /+6019-854 8948 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +6019-854 8948 end_of_the_skype_highlighting begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +6019-854 8948 end_of_the_skype_highlighting begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +6019-854 8948 end_of_the_skype_highlighting/+6019-854 8948 <br />传真:+6085-736 779 /737 789<br />电邮:lonplny@yahoo.com.sg <br /><br />巴南福州公会<br />Baram Foo Chow Association<br />Lot 29, Jalan Kapitan Lim Ching Kiat,<br />98050 Marudi,<br />Baram, Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6085-755 717 <br />传真:+6085-755 333 <br /><br />加那逸福州公会<br />Kanowit Foochow Association<br />3, Main Bazaar,<br />Kanowit, P.O.Box 78,<br />96707 Kanowit,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6084-752 409 <br /><br />老越福州公会<br />Persatuan Foochow Lawas Sarawak<br />1st Floor, Lot No 9,<br />Jalan Muhibbah,<br />98850 Lawas,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia. <br /><br />林梦福州公会<br />Limbang Foo Chow Association<br />Lot 1347, Kampung Bangkita,<br />97000 Limbang,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6085-212 273 <br /><br />马拉端福州公会<br />Persatuan Foochow Meradong Sarawak<br />Meradong Foochow Association Sarawak<br />Jalan Ted Kui Ngo,<br />Bintangor,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6084-692 594 <br />传真:+6084-692 594 <br /><br />民丹莪福州公会<br />Persatuan Foochow Bintangor<br />21, C-D , Jalan Teo Kui Ngo,<br />96500 Bintangor,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6084-692 594 <br />传真:+6084-692 595<br /><br />沐胶福州公会<br />Persatuan Foochow Mukah<br />Foo Chow Association Mukah<br />Oya Road,<br />P.O.Box 97,<br />96400 Mukah,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6084-871 <br /><br />泗里街福州公会<br />Persatuan Foochow Sarikei<br />Sarikei Foochow Association<br />No.8, 2nd Floor,<br />Jalan Tok Tok,<br />96100 Sarikei,<br />Sarawak,<br />Malaysia.<br />电话:+6084-652 751 <br />传真:+6084-652 751 <br /> <br />Sabah<br />FOOCHOW ASSOCIATION KOTA KINABALU SABAH MALAYSIA(沙巴亚庇福州公会)<br />BANGUNAN PERSATUAN FOOCHOW KOTA KINABALU,<br />3.5KM, JALAN KOLAM, BUKIT PADANG, LUYANG,<br />88100 KOTA KINABALU, SABAH,MALAYSIA<br />TEL : 088-246442, 088-240028<br />FAX : 088-240029<br /><br />Persatuan Foochow Sarawak-Sabah, Malaysia砂沙福州同乡会(西马)<br />B-16-5, Megan Avenue 2,<br />No.12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng,<br />50450 Kuala Lumpur<br />http://www.sasafoochow.com/Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-69485842153472374222010-03-14T23:56:00.000-07:002010-07-19T07:30:16.278-07:00Kota GelanggiKota Gelanggi is an archaeological site reported in 2005 as potentially the first capital of the ancient Malay Empire of Srivijaya ca. 650-900 and one of the oldest pre-Islamic Malay Kingdoms on the Malay Peninsula.<br /><br />That the city was part of the "Ayuthia Kingdom" (Ancient Siam now known as Thailand) & may be the unidentified Naksat city of the Siamese folklore. Hence, the the word "Gelanggi" could be a mispronounciation of the Thai word "Ghlong-Keow" meaning box of emeralds or treasury of jewels.<br /><br />The Malay annal, "Sejarah Melayu" (meaning History of Malay) has mentioned that the main fort of Kota Gelanggi was made of black stone & was named "Kota Batu Hitam" in Malay meaning "Black Rock City". Sejarah Melayu is a 17th Century Malay text.<br /><br />Ancient Tamil inscriptions otherwise inform us that during the era of south Indian Chola Dynasty in 1025, after destroying the Malay Kingdom, Gangga Nagara.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The 12th Naksat Cities - the lost city</span><br /><br />Kota Gelanggi was also reported to be the 12th city, the lost city of The Naksat Cities. The Naksat cities are a chain of twelve inter-linked cities or muangs of the ancient Malay Kingdom of Tambralinga(today capital city of province Nakorn Si Thammarat). The cities acted as an outer shield, surrounding the capital Nakorn Si Thammarat, and were connected by land so that help could be sent from one city to another in the event of surprise attacks.<br /><br />The term Naksat refers to the Lunar calendar system, the Naksat Pi, which is based on a duodenary cycle of years, with each year being associated with a particular animal.<br /><br />Eleven of the twelve cities have been identified and are all located on the Malay Peninsula. The eleven cities with their associated animal "years" are Narathiwat (Rat), Pattani (Ox), Kelantan (Tiger), Kedah (Big Snake), Patalung (Little Snake), Trang (Horse), Chumporn (Goat), Krabi (Monkey), Kanchanadit (Chicken), Phuket or Takuapa (Dog) and Kraburi (Pig). The missing city, Muang Pahang, is associated with the Year of the Rabbit. It has also been speculated that Kota Gelanggi is the twelfth city.<br /><br />Reference to the cities appear in the chronicles of Nakorn Si Thammarat and the chronicles of the Phra Dhatu Nakorn.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The discovery of lost city</span><br /><br />The history<br />The reported site of this ancient city is in the dense jungles of the southern Malaysian state of Johor Darul Takzim, near a forest reserve currently managed as a water catchment area, the Linggiu Dam, by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore. This description locates the site somewhere within a 140 square kilometre are of the forest reserve surrounding Sungai Madek and Sungai Lenggiu.<br /><br />Kota Gelanggi is referenced in the Sejarah Melayu or Malay Annals, an early 17th century Malay historical text. In it, Kota Gelanggi is said to be found on the upper reaches of the Johor River. The main fort of Kota Gelanggi was reportedly made of black stone (or Kota Batu Hitam in Malay). Its name 'Kota Gelanggi' was apparently derived from the Malay mispronunciation of the Thai word 'Ghlong-Keow' or 'Box of Emeralds', hence in Malay, 'Perbendaharaan Permata' ('Treasury of Jewels'). Some scholars believe that the city formed part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and may thus be the unidentified 12th Naksat city of ancient Siamese folklore. Ancient Tamil inscriptions inform us that the city was raided by the Chola conqueror Rajendra Chola I, of the South Indian Chola Dynasty in 1025, after he had destroyed the Malay Kingdom of Gangga Negara. The latter is generally equated with the ruins and ancient tombs which still can be seen in the district of Beruas, Perak Darul Ridzuan. Old European maps of the Malay Peninsula further show the location of a city known as 'Polepi' (i.e. 'Gelanggi') at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (see Sebastian Munster's (1614) Map of Taprobana).<br /><br />References to Kota Gelanggi were reported in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by colonial scholar-administrators including Dudley Francis Amelius Hervey (1849-1911); who published eyewitness reports of the city in 1881; and Sir Richard Olof Winstedt (1878-1966); who stated that an Orang Asli was prepared to take people to the site in the late 1920s. The ancient city was also known to the adventurer-explorer Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), who discovered the ruins of Johore Lama while searching for Kota Gelanggi.<br /><br />The discovery<br /><br />Raimy Che-Ross published "The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and an Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'" in the Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.<br /><br />That article announced the discovery of a pre-Malaccan city in the forests of Johore. Since then, the "Lost City" was featured in the press and has become the subject of intense discussion and speculation by academics, heritage-enthusiasts and the general public.<br /><br />News of the discovery attracted the notice of international media. The Malaysian Cabinet has now designated it a national priority, with a formal expedition into the jungles being planned. Verification of the discovery will have a great impact on regional history and archaeology, not to mention the potential significance for the tourism industry. <br /><br />Raimy Che Ross<br />RAIMY CHE-ROSS was a Malay Tutor at the Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade (1994), a Graduate Intern at the National Gallery of Australia (1998) and a Visiting Scholar with the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre at Trinity College, Cambridge (2003).<br /><br />His latest publications include studies on Munshi Abdullah's manuscripts and lithographs, the Jewish Diaspora in pre-WWII Penang, the Private Papers of Baginda Omar, IXth Sultan of Terengganu, and rare Jawi and Javanese letters from Raffles discovered in the New South Wales State Library. Raimy is now working on a catalogue of the Cambridge University Library Malay Manuscripts Collection, a monograph on Royal Malay letters and artefacts at the Royal Archives in Windsor Castle, and exploring pre-Malacca sites in Perak.<br />(source: http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/index.php?entry=/talks/20050318-lostcitytalk.txt)<br /><br />The site's existence was announced dramatically as a 'discovery' by the Malaysian Press on 3 February 2005.<br /><br />Recent evidence of the city's existence and approximate location was presented as the result of a decade-long research project based on Malay manuscripts, cartographical and topographical surveys, aerial inspections and assessing local folklore. A preliminary discussion on the subject based on these sources was published as a lengthy academic paper entitled The "Lost City" of Kota Gelanggi (JMBRAS, Vol. 77 Pt. 2, pp.27-58) in 2004. Prior to that, its author, Raimy Che-Ross, an independent researcher, had tabled and discussed his findings with experts at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore, the Johor Chapter of Badan Warisan Malaysia (Malaysian Heritage Trust) and to archaeologists at the Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti Malaysia (Museums and Antiquities Department of Malaysia), between January-June 2004.<br /><br />The paper was given wide coverage by the Malaysian Media, who prematurely reported the introductory article as the announcement of a major 'discovery'. This prompted the then Minister for Heritage, Culture and the Arts to himself announce ambitious plans to 'discover' the city by selected museum and government officials.<br /><br />On April 28th 2006, the Malaysian National News Service (Bernama) reported that the "Lost City does not exist". Khalid Syed Ali, the Curator of Archaeology in the Department's Research and Development Division, said a team of government appointed researchers carried out a study over a month in July last year [2005] but found no trace of the "Lost City".<br /><br />However, Khalid later added that 'the Heritage Department (Jabatan Warisan) does not categorically deny that it exists, only that research carried out until now [over the month of July] has not shown any proof that can verify the existence of the ancient city of Linggiu ' (Azahari Ibrahim, 'Kota Purba Linggiu: Antara Realiti dan Ilusi', Sejarah Malaysia, July-August 2006, p.37). When pressed for details, he revealed that Che-Ross was not involved in the museum's search team for the lost city.<br /><br />Three elder Orang Asli headmen from the Linggiu Dam area nonetheless insist that the city indeed exists. According to Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman, 85, 'the city is very large, I have seen it myself because it was located near my village. I estimate its fort to be approximately forty feet square, with three holes like windows along its walls'. He added that the area was formerly inhabited by him and fifty Orang Asli families, before being moved by the British due to the Communist threat in the late 1940s-50s. He further said that he had first stumbled across the fort in the 1930s, while foraging for jungle produce. Tuk Batin Abdul Rahman's statements were independently verified by Tuk Batin Daud, 60 and Tuk Batin Adong, 58, who added that their people had visited the site on numerous occasions before, and had seen the black stone walls themselves (Amad Bahri Mardi, 'Kota Gelanggi hanya wujud pada nama', Berita Harian, Sunday, 20 February 2005, p.18). Two old manuscript drawings believed to depict the ruins are in the possession of Tuk Batin Adong. The rough outline coloured sketches show a large building surrounding a steep hill. Two circular apertures are found on the walls on each side of the entrance into this structure.<br /><br />Note that the Kota Gelanggi of Johor Darul Takzim is different from the Kota Gelanggi Caves near Jerantut in Pahang Darul Makmur. The Kota Gelanggi Caves of Jerantut hold Neolithic sites, with no evidence of substantial habitation beyond that period having been found despite extensive archaeological digs in its caverns by the museums department.<br /><br />Late in May 2008, the Malaysian Press reported the discovery of an ancient bronze vessel or Kendi near a river close to Mentakab, Pahang Darul Makmur that may be connected to the ancient city of Kota Gelanggi in Johor Darul Takzim. Both sites are linked by a network of rivers once believed to form a trans-peninsular trading route cutting across the Malay Peninsula.<br /><br />(source: Wikipedia)<br /><br />It's amazing that a federal Minister of Culture announced that the government will do everything possible to bring out the lost city. It was excitement and even the mass media published widely on the issue. But suddenly the issue and the lost city, was all really lost in silence. Gone were the excitement of the government and the mass media......<br /><br />Look at the amount of money Indonesia makes from Borobudur, and Cambodia makes from Angkor Wat, the ancient city of Kota Gelanggi should be great for Malaysia. It will be Angkor Wat of Malaysia, and a tourism potential for tourist dollars. Like Bujang Valley, the lost city was a Srivijayan Hindu/Buddhist kingdom. Is the lost city reveal too much history that the authority cannot accept the fact, as it is too sensitive to disclose it at the moment for the political reality; or it was all falsified historical news?.....something fishy is happening, and the truth is not reveal....<br /><br />I hope some external independent party will continue research on the lost city; may be some day some hero will reveal some shocking news, that ......and the lost city will never be forever lost.....<br /><br />.....and hope that the history is not covered up or altered for the sake of politic ..... historical fact must be the truth of the past, not the falsified data to meet the political agenda of the time.... whatsoever the historical truth, the mature Malaysian are prepared to accept the historical fact.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-67553935756075800362010-03-14T22:18:00.000-07:002010-07-19T08:36:57.194-07:00Ligor or Nakhon Si Thammarat(洛坤)Ligor is now called Nakhon Si Thammarat, which is the Thai rendition of its original name Nagara Sri Dhammaraja. Ligor used to be a powerful Malay kingdom in its time. It had close links with Prey Nokor, i.e. the Angkorian Khmer kingdom.<br /><br />Unlike Kedah and Pattani, however, Ligor did not fully convert to Islam. Although quite a large number of its citizens became Muslim, Ligor is believed to have remained as a mainly Buddhist kingdom until it was eventually invaded and conquered by Sukhotai.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of Nakhon Si Thammarat</span><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&ie=UTF8&q=Penang&fb=1&gl=my&ei=U72dS-WlLKG2zASZv82KAg&ved=0CBgQpQY&view=map&geocode=FVmRUQAdD0b9BQ&split=0&hq=&hnear=Penang&ll=8.494105,99.656982&spn=3.802355,4.669189&z=7&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&ie=UTF8&q=Penang&fb=1&gl=my&ei=U72dS-WlLKG2zASZv82KAg&ved=0CBgQpQY&view=map&geocode=FVmRUQAdD0b9BQ&split=0&hq=&hnear=Penang&ll=8.494105,99.656982&spn=3.802355,4.669189&z=7&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Tambralinga </span><br /><br />Tambralinga was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja. Early records are scarce while estimations range from the seventh to fourteenth century. The kingdom ceased to exist around 700.<br /><br />By the end of the twelfth century, Tambralinga became independent of Srivijaya as the empire suffered a decline in prestige. At its height between the thirteenth century and the beginning of fourteenth century, Tambralinga had occupied most of the Malay Peninsula and become one of the dominant Southeast Asian states. By the end of the fourteenth century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja Kingdom.<br /><br />Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616. In Sanskrit, tambra means "red" and linga means "Siva" or "phallus".<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">LIGOR (NAGARA SRI DHARMARAJA) IN 11TH CENTURY</span><br /><br />Introduction<br /><br />A Chinese text recorded that at the end of the tenth century, a Srivijayan ambassador sent to the court of China reported the attack from Java and requested protection. During the winter of 992, it was learned from Canto that this ambassador, who had left the capital of China two years before, had learnt that his country had been invaded by She-po (Java) and as a consequence, had remained in Canton for a year. In the spring of 992, the ambassador went to Champa with his ship, but since he did not hear any good new there, he returned to China and requested that an imperial decree be promulgated placing San-fo-chi under the protection of China. About the same time, the Chinese court received Javanese envoys that brought corroborative information to China. They reported that their country was continually at war with San-fo-chi, but what they did not say was that the aggression came from them.<br /><br />In 995, the geographer Masudi spoke in grandiloquent terms of the "kingdom of the Maharaja", king of the islands of Zabag; among theirs exploits were Kalah (Kedah) and Sribuza (Srivijaya).<br /><br />At 999 it appears that a Sri Vijaya king had moved his court to Vijaya court at Prey Nokor (i.e. Angkor) by judging from his incomplete coronation name "Yang Pu ku Vijaya Sri" found in an inscription of the region. This “movement” is believed to refer to the “relocation“ of his throne from Ligor to Lavo. This Srivijayan king is believed to be Sujitaraja, also titled Jayaviravarman, Preah Botomvaravamsa n also Sri Kshetraindraditya. He was King of Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Ligor). He was a Ligorian Malay prince with Srivijayan blood. He also married a Khmer princess. At that time, the Srivijayan realm had sort of split into 2 sub-realms, i.e. the mainlandic Angkorian realm n the islandic realm. Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Ligor) as well as Kedah had then become a sort of bridge connecting the 2 sub-realms. Looked at in another way, they had also become contested territory, sort of a battleground, between Angkor n Palembang, with the Chola Tamils n their Javanese allies also coming in as interested, competing outsiders.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sri Vijaya's attack on the Cakravartin (Angkorian) Empire</span><br />At the same time, the Mon tradition recalled the conflict between Lavo and Haripunjaya. The story is reported in various Pali chronicles composed in Chiangmai. The Chamadevivamsa, written at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the Jinakalamali, finished in 1516, contain the following account:<br /><br />"A king of Haripunjaya named Atrasataka went to attack Lavo where Ucchittachakravatti reigned. At the moment when the two sovereigns prepared for battle, a king of Sri-dhammanagara named Sujita arrived at Lavo with a considerable army and fleet. Confronted by this surprise attack, the two adversaries fled in the direction of Haripunjaya. Ucchita arrived first, married the queen and proclaimed himself king.<br /><br />Sujita, the king of Ligor, established himself as master of Lavo. At the end of three years, his successor, or perhaps his son, Kambojaraja, went to attack Ucchita again at Haripunjaya, but was defeated."<br /><br />The conflict between Lavo and Haripunjaya mirrors the feud between the Javanese and the Sri Vijaya that grew in a bigger scale to become the dynastic crisis of the Cakravaltin establishment. Under the Javanese attack, the Srivijaya was obviously looking for an escape and in a twist of destiny, the Angkorian site became their target.<br /><br />Scholars have mistaken this attack as a conquest of the mighty Angkorian Empire over its weaker neighboring states, Lavo and Haripunjaya. On the contrary, it was the Angkorian court that was under attack since the story clearly indicates that the conqueror was from Sri Dhammaraja or Ligor.<br /><br />The ruler of Lavo, Ucchittachakravatti, was quoted as a Chakravati, a reference to the Angkorian Monarch of the time. He was either Jayavarman IV or a successor of him. As Lavo was the military command post of the Cakravatin Empire, the control of Lavo resulted in the capture of the Angkorian throne.<br /><br />The Viravamsa Dynasty<br />After the reign of Jayavarman V, inscriptions appear to show three kings, Udayadityavarman, Jayaviravarman and Suryavarman were reigning concurrently at the Angkorian site. Scholars speculated that they were contending over the Angkorian Throne.<br /><br />While in fact, they were all belonged to the Ligor court and were joined in their fight to take control of the mainland. A passage of the Khmer chronicle (RPNK: Botomvaravamsa) shed some light to the enigma.<br /><br />There was a nephew of Maharaja who, arranged by Prah Dhammavidhi rsiphatta, wedded the late queen and ascended the throne under the name of Botomvaravamsa. He commissioned Virauraja as his Obyuvaraja and Udayaraja as his Obraja. After the death of Botomvaravamsa, Prah Virauraja who was Obyuvaraja ascended the throne. After the reign of Virauraja, Prah Udayaraja who was commissioned as Mahaobjraja ascended the throne.<br /><br />According to the passage, arrangement had been established by the Angkorian high priest to accommodate the new leadership. Jayaviravarman (Preah Botomvaravamsa) who was the nephew of the late Angkorian King and was set to ascend the Angkorian throne while Suryavarman (king Virauraja) became his Obyuvaraja (second king) and Udayadityavarman (Udayaraja) became his Obraja (army marshal).<br /><br />We shall see that Jayaviravarman and Udayadityavarman were brothers and were related to the court of Chrestapura (Lavo) and despise their true origin from Ligor, they were no strangers to the Angkorian court. They were the collaborators of the younger Suryavarman I, who was the son of Jayaviravarman (also called Sujita, Preah Botomvaravamsa n Sri Kshetraindraditya) who alone would be the ultimate ruler of the Angkorian throne.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jayaviravarman (1002-1006)</span><br />He was the elder brother of Udayadityavarman and was mentioned in the inscription of Prasat Khna as Sri Narapativiravarman. His title indicates that he was then Narapati or ruler of Lavo and army marshal of Jayavarman V. The inscription of Ta Praya (Stele de ta Praya), confirms that he hold the position since 962 during the reign of Harshavarman II. The same inscription indicates that he was the brother in law of Jayavarman V and served as his army general, thus an insider of the Angkorian court. The Inscription of Prasat Trapan Run (BEFEO28: Nouvelles Inscriptions du Cambodge: La Stele du Prasat Trapan Run) introduces him as the Mala king (Maulimalaraja), connecting (i.e equating) him to the Sri Vijaya king Sujita of the Mon chronicle.<br /><br />Obviously Sri Vijaya of the Malay archipelago (i.e. islandic Srivijaya) was a cardinal state of the Angkorian Empire, and as part of the Cakravatin establishment its ruler could hold an important function for the Middle country. The fact that he was himself the army general (senapati) of the Angkorian Empire explains why king Sujita had a large army at his diposition to overrun Lavo and the Angkorian throne. The part B of the inscription mentioned that he ascended the throne at 1002 and still reigning on 1006 when he granted a piece of land in Aninditpura (Dvaravati) to his master priest Kavindrapandita. The chronology set him as a contemporary king of Suryavarman I who according to many inscriptions was also reigning at 1002 AD. Other inscriptions reveal his active role in the state affair during his late reign that ended in 1006, obviously during his old age.<br /><br />Suryavarman I (1002-1050)Many inscriptions attest the reign of Suryavarman, as early as at 1002 AD (Saka 924). If the date is exact, Suryavarman was crowned at the same time as king Jayaviravarman that leaded to the speculation that either the twos were contending the Angkorian throne or was only one king using different titles. We shall see that neither speculation is true. To start, the inscription of Phimanakas (BEFEO XIII, K292, P 12) make it clear that for his ascension on 1002 AD (924 caka), Suryavarman I was ascending Sri Dharmaraja throne.<br /><br />"Dhati vrah pada kamraten kamtvan an cri suryavarmmadeva ta sakata svey vrah dharmarajya nu 924 caka."<br /><br />The same inscription mentions that he was lined from the Suryavamsa dynasty and inherited the title of "Kamtvan", a reverence to a Kam king. It is reflecting a strong connection with the Kambojean court of Tambralinga. These evidences support the Khmer tradition that Suryavarman I (Virauraja) had served as the second king (Obyuraja) to king Jayaviravarman (Botomvaravamsa). Some sources mentioned that he was in fact the son of king Sujita or Jayaviravarman himself. While the latter was ascending the Angkorian throne in 1002 AD, Suryavarman I was anointed at the same time to rule Sri Dharmamaraja. It was only after the death of Jayaviravarman that Suryavarman I ascended the Angkorian throne, presumably on 2007 AD.<br /><br />He was obviously the Kambojaraja of the Chamadevivamsa and the Jinakalamali chronicles that went out to attack the Lavo court forcing them to settle at Haripunjaya. Inscriptions of his name were more numerous in the western site that suggests his involvement in the conquest and reestablishment of Lavo. It was not clear that he received immediate support from the Angkorian court. The inscription of Ta Prom mentions his marriage to the princess Viralaksmi of Chrestapura. Descended from Yasovarman of the pre-Angkorian line, princess Viralaksmi was clearly a ticket of legitimacy to the Angkorian throne. According to the Khmer chronicle, she was the queen of the last Angkorian monarch, presumably Jayavarman V or his immediate successor whose reign was cut short by the crisis.<br /><br />The inscription of Tep Pranam (JA March-Apr: Le Stele de Tep Pranam, George Coedes) contains a small addition in Khmer Language by Suryavarman to the Sanskrit part of king Yasovarman I to commemorate his involvement in the building of Saugatasramas in the royal palace (vrah Thlvain). This could be an attempt to show his support for the past Angkorian tradition and at the same time to stress on his relationship with Yasovarman I whose legitimacy over the Angkorian throne was incontestable. To command their loyalty, he had Angkorian dignitaries to sworn in the oath of allegiance, and as a reminder, he had their names engraved on the inner surface to the entrance of the Royal Palace. He received his Devaraja cult from the chaplain Jayendrapandita. His support for Buddhism earned him the posthumous name Nirvanapada at the time of his death in early 1050.<br /><br />Udayadityavarman II (1050-1066)<br />He received his Devaraja cult from the same chaplain Jayendrapandita. His crown name indicates that he might be a direct descendent from Udayadityavarman I. His reign was particularly plagued with internal crisis. During his sixteen years reign, Udayadityavarman II had to cope with a series of uprisings. The repression of the unrest, entrusted to a General Sangrama, is recounted in epic style by a Sanskrit stele placed at the base of the Baphuon, the temple of the royal linga to which Sangrama made a gift of his booty.<br /><br />The first revolt took place in 1051, in the south of the country leaded by Aravindahrada. Well trained in the archery, leader of an army of heroes, he was vanquished by Sangrama and fled to Champa. Another revolt took place at 1065 in the northwest. A valiant hero of the king named Kamvau, becoming an army general, secretly planned the attack and left the city with his troop. During the fight with Sangrama, he wounded the latter in the jaw but was killed by three arrows. The last revolt took place in the east, by two brothers named Sivat and Sidhikara with the accomplice of a third warrior named Sasantribhuvana. They were put-down by the same general Sangrama.<br /><br />Harshavarman III (1066-1080)<br />Harshavarman III, who ascended the throne in 1066, kept himself busy with repairing the structures ruined in the wars of the preceding reigns. The inscription of Ta-Prohm (BEFEO VI, La Steles de Ta-Prohm, George Coedes) identified him as a descendant of King Bhavavarman I and the queen Kambojarajalakshmi. This connection proved his origin from Sri Dhammaraja even-though we know nothing about his relationship with either Suryavarman I and Udayaditya II. Between 1074 and 1080, he himself was involved in the quarrel with Champapura.<br /><br />Through one of his inscription, the Champa king Harivarman IV claimed to have defeated the troops of Cambodia at Somesvara and seized the prince Sri Nandavarmandeva who commanded the army with the rank of Senapati. Perhaps it was during this battle that the prince Pang, younger brother of the king of Champa, and later king himself under the name of Paramabodhisatva, went to take the city of Sambhupura (Sambor). After destroying all its sanctuaries he gave the Khmer war prisoners to the various sanctuaries of Sri Isanabhadrasvara (at Mison) as servants. He received the posthumous name Sadasivapada. (ESSA:The Mahidharapura dynasty of Cambodia).<br /><br />What the above is saying in outline, is that:<br /><br />A Malay king of Ligor named Sujita, alternately also titled Jayaviravarman, Preah Botomvaravamsa n Sri Kshetraindraditya, actually became king of the Angkorian empire in 1002 AD, after capturing Lavo (now Lopburi in Thailand), which was like the military HQ of the Angkorian realm. He was able to achieve that incredible feat because he was then Chief Commander of the Angkorian army.<br /><br />At the same time, Suryavarman I, who was his son by a Khmer princess, became King of Ligor cum Young King (Regent) of Angkor. While his younger brother, Udayadityavarman I, became the new Chief Commander of the army.<br /><br />When Sujita died in 1007, Suryavarman I became the new Angkor king, while his nephew, Udayadityavarman II (grandson of Udayadityavarman I), became the new King of Ligor cum Young King (Regent) of Angkor.<br /><br />When Suryavarman I died in 1050, Udayadityavarman II then moved up to become new King of Angkor.<br /><br />When Udayadityavarman II died in 1066, Harshavarman III, another King of Ligor moved up to become King of Angkor.<br /><br />Thus a succession of 4 Malay kings of Ligor actually became kings of mighty Angkor, and the Ligor kingship became for a while a sort of stepping stone to becoming king of Angkor.<br /><br />(source: http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t163209.html)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Nakhon Si Thammarat</span><br /><br />Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช, 那空是贪玛叻,也称洛坤) or Nakhon Sri Thammarat(from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja), which is a town in southern Thailand, capital of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and the Nakhon Si Thammarat district. It is about 610 km (380 miles) south of Bangkok, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The city was the administrative center of southern Thailand during most of its history. Originally a coastal city, silting moved the coastline away from the city. The city has a much larger north to south extension than west to east, which dates back to its original location on a flood-save dune. The modern city centre around the train station is located north of Old Town.<br /><br />It is one of the most ancient cities of Thailand, previously Kingdom of Ligor, and contains many buildings and ruins of historical significance. With the fall of the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya in 1767 it regained independence, but returned to its allegiance on the founding of Bangkok. In the 17th century British, Portuguese and Dutch merchants set up factories there and carried on an extensive trade.<br /><br />History<br />According to the inscription no.24 found at wat Hua-wieng (Hua-wieng temple) in Chaiya near to Nakhon Si Thammaraj, the ruler of Tambralinga named Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the king of Patama vamsa (lotus dynasty). He began to reign in 1230, he had the Phrae Boromadhatu (chedi in Nakhon Si Thammaraj, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year. Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja brought Tambralinga reached the pinnacle of its power in the mid-thirteenth century. From the Sri Lankan materials, this Chandrabhanu was a Javakan king from Tambralinga who had invaded Sri Lankan in 1247. His navy launched an assault on the southern part of the island but defeated by the Sri Lankan king. However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by Pandya. In 1262 Chandrabhanu launched another attack on the south of the island, his army strengthened this time by the addition of Tamil and Sinhalese forces, only to be defeated when Pandya sided with the Sri Lankan side; Chandrabhanu himself was killed in the fighting. Chandrabhanu’s son retained control over the northern kingdom, though subservient to Pandya, but this regime too had disappeared by the end of the fourteenth century.<br />It is popularly believed that the advent of the first Malays to Sri Lanka took place in the middle of the thirteenth century with the invasion of Chandrabhanu, the Buddhist King of Nakhon Sri Tammarat in the Isthmus of Kra of the Malay Peninsula (presently Southern Thailand ). He landed during the eleventh year of Parakrmabahu II (AD 1236-1270). The Culavamsa states:<br /><br />When the eleventh year of the reign of this King Parakramabahu II had arrived, a king of the Javakas known by the name of Chandrabhanu landed with a terrible Javaka army under the treacherous pretext that they too were followers of the Buddha. All these wicked Javaka soldiers who invaded every landing place and who with their poisoned arrows, like (sic) to terrible snakes, without ceasing harassed the people whomever they caught sight of, laid waste, raging in their fury, all Lanka. (Culavamsa LXXXIII, 36-51)<br /><br />The Javaka mentioned in this source refers to the Malays of the Peninsula . Chandrabhanu's first invasion did not succeed and he tried a second time to attack the Sinhalese Kingdom with mercenaries from South India . This second campaign failed and resulted in the death of this king.<br /><br />The following is the extract from "An Outline of the Past and Present of the Malays of Sri Lanka", by Melathi Saldin(B.A),University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka; http://www.mabolemalays.com/html/aboutUs.html:-<br /><br />By the end of the fourteenth century, Tambralinga had been submerged by the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom which had the backing of Java. Finally, in 1365 Majapahit kingdom of Java recognized Nakorn Sri Dharmaraj as Siam. Despite its rapid rise to prominence in the thirteenth century, that is, by the following century Danmaling, or Tambralinga, the former member state of Sanfoshih – Javaka, had become a part of Siam<br /><br />(source: http://www.mabolemalays.com/html/aboutUs.html)<br /><br />Chandrabhanu(Ruled 1230-1270)<br />Chandrabhanu (died 1270?) or Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the King of the Malay state of Tambralinga in present day Thailand. He was known to have ruled from during the period of 1230 until 1270. He was also known for building a well-known Buddhist stupa in southern Thailand. He spent more than 30 years in his attempt to conquer Sri Lanka. He was eventually defeated by Pandyan forces from South India in 1270.<br /><br />In 1247 he sent an expedition to the island ostensibly to acquire the Buddhist relic from the island. His forces, using poison darts, were able to occupy the northern part of the island. In 1253 his forces faced an invasion of the island by Pandyan forces. In 1258 Tambralinga forces commanded by his son and two Sinhalese princes were defeated by the Pandyans. In 1270 he invaded the island once again, only to be defeated decisively by the Pandyans. The defeat was so complete that in 1290, Tambralinga was absorbed by the neighboring Thai Kingdoms.<br />(source: wikipedia)<br /><br />After the fall of Ayutthaya, Nakorn Sri Dharmaraj enjoyed a short period of independence, but quickly subdued by King Taksin the great on his mission to reunite Siam. <br /><br />With the thesaphiban reform of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab at the end of the 19th century the kingdom was finally fully absorbed into Siam. A new administrative entity named monthon (circle) was created, each supervising several provinces. Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat, established 1896, covered those areas on the east coast of the peninsula, i.e. the provinces Songkhla, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Phatthalung.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat </span><br /><br />A new administrative entity named monthon ("Mandala") was created, each supervising several provinces. Nakorn Sri Dhamaraj mandala or monthon(มณฑลนครศรีธรรมราช), established in 1896, covered those areas on the east coast of the peninsula, i.e. the provinces Songkhla, Nakorn Sri Dhamaraj and Phatthalung. 1896-97 the administration was located in Songkhla in the present-day Songkhla national museum. 1925 Monthon Surat was incorporated into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat, in 1932 also Monthon Pattani. Like all remaining monthon, monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat was dismantled in 1933.<br /><br />List of commissioners:<br /><br /> * 1896-1906 Phraya Sukhumnaiwinit (Pan Sukhum)<br /> * 1906-1910 Phraya Chonlaburanurak (Charoen Charuchinda)<br /> * 1910-1925 Prince Lopburi Ramet<br /> * 1925-1933 ?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Naksat Cities</span><br /><br />The Naksat cities are a chain of twelve inter-linked cities or muangs of the ancient Malay Kingdom of Tambralinga.<br /><br />The Naksat cities acted as an outer shield, surrounding the capital Nakorn Si Thammarat, and were connected by land so that help could be sent from one city to another in the event of surprise attacks.<br /><br />The term Naksat refers to the Lunar calendar system, the Naksat Pi, which is based on a duodenary cycle of years, with each year being associated with a particular animal.<br />Eleven of the twelve cities have been identified and are all located on the Malay Peninsula. The eleven cities with their associated animal "years" are Narathiwat (Rat), Pattani (Ox), Kelantan (Tiger), Kedah (Big Snake), Patalung (Little Snake), Trang (Horse), Chumporn (Goat), Krabi (Monkey), Kanchanadit (Chicken), Phuket or Takuapa (Dog) and Kraburi (Pig). The missing city, Muang Pahang, is associated with the Year of the Rabbit. It has also been speculated that Kota Gelanggi is the twelfth city.<br /><br />Reference to the cities appear in the chronicles of Nakorn Si Thammarat and the chronicles of the Phra Dhatu Nakorn.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-13080050055566505682010-02-23T23:39:00.000-08:002010-07-19T07:28:30.463-07:00RamanNot many people know the history of Malay state? Raman?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Raja states(Muang)</span><br /><br />Formerly the tract of South Thailand was divided into a number of states, each of which was ruled by a chief (Siamese, Chao Muang; Malay, raja), who held his title from the king of Siam, but, subject to a few restrictions, the raja can conducted the affairs of his state in accordance with his own desires; the office of chief, moreover, was hereditary, subject always to the approval of the suzerain. <br /><br />The states formed two groups: a northern, including Langsuan, Chaya, Nakhon Sri Tammarat, Songkla, Renawng, Takoapa, Pang Nga, Tongka and Trang, in which the Siamese element predominated and of which the chiefs were usually Siamese or Chinese; and a southern, including Palean, Satun (Setul), Patani, Raman, Jering, Sai (Teloban), Re Nge (Legeh), Yala (Jalor) and Nong Chik, in which the population was principally Malay and the ruler also Malay. Four other states of the southern group, Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis, of which the population is entirely Malay, passed from Siamese to British protection in 1909 under Anglo-Siamese Treaty. <br /><br />With the gradual consolidation of the Siamese kingdom all the states of the northern group have been incorporated as ordinary provinces of Siam, the hereditary Chao Muang having died or been pensioned and replaced by officials of the Siamese Civil Service, while the states themselves now constitute provinces of the administrative divisions of Chumpon, Nakhon Sri Tammarat and Phuket. <br /><br />The states of the southern group, however, retain their hereditary rulers, each of whom presides over a council and governs with the aid of a Siamese assistant commissioner and with a staff of Siamese district officials, subject to the general control of high commissioners under whom the states are grouped. This southern group, with a total area of about 7000 sq. m. and a population of 375,000, constitutes the Siamese Malay States<br /><br />The seven Malay states of Nawng Chik, Patani, Jering, Yala (Jalor), Sai (Teloban), Raman and Ra-nge (Legeh) were constituted from the old state of Patani at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1906 they were reunited to form the Patani administrative division of Siam, but each state retains its Malay ruler, who governs jointly with a Siamese officer under the direction of the Siamese high commissioner, and many of the ancient privileges and customs of Malay government are preserved.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Raman(1818-?)1826-1900.</span><br />In 1909, Songkhla was formally annexed by Siam as part of Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 negotiated with the British Empire. Songkhla was the scene of heavy fighting when the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941.<br /><br />The name Raman is actually the Thai corruption of Reman (Jawi: رمان), its original Malay name. Mueang Raman was one of the seven towns, into which the Sultanate of Patani was split in the beginning of the 19th century to reduce the power of the Sultan of Patani after a series of rebellions against the Siamese rulers. Tuan Mansor was appointed as the first ruler and resided in Kota Baru.<br /><br />In 1917 the district was renamed from Raman to Kota Baru, the seat of the administration. In 1938 it was named back to its historical name.<br /><br />The name of Raman makes its first entry in the colonial record in 1818 at a time when Penang Governor John Bannerman was endeavouring to obtain a commercial treaty with the chiefs of the Kroh district, who were subjects of a “Rajah of Raman”. John Anderson would note this Raman as part of an ill-defined “Patani Country” in 1824. Two years later Henry Burney would describe this land-locked polity in the interior of the peninsula as one of fourteen chieftainships that paid tribute to Siam via the superintending states of Nakhon Sri Thammaraat and Songkhla. To the British in Penang, the history of the polity was vague. Any concern for this subject was overshadowed by the more immediate hope that this tin-rich and strategically placed Malay negeri would soon form part of a British sphere of influence in the northern straits region.<br /><br />It is evident that Raman’s emergence was tied to the disintegration of Perak authority in the upper Perak river watershed in the late eighteenth century and corresponding political disturbances in the Patani lowlands. Precisely which of these factors was more important to the emergence of Raman is unknown. Malay sources such as the Hikayat Patani tend to see the<br />emergence of the polity as a unilateral Siamese initiative, a product of Bangkok’s decision to dissolve the ancient polity of Patani in 1810 and replace it with a more manageable confederation of petty states under the supervision of Songkhla. According to this view, Raman was created by the stroke of a Siamese pen and the weight of its armies. It simply appears, a new polity with its capital located some twenty miles upstream from the mouth of the Patani River at Kota Bharu, where the first Raja of Raman, Raja Tuan Loh The, resided.<br /><br />As early as 1780, both the Perak court and Dutch observers had noted the stirrings of an increasingly independent group of chiefs in the upper Perak valley. By the mid-1790s, the watershed region was home to an increasing number of largely autonomous settlements, many of which were established by refugees fleeing from disorders in the Patani lowlands. Precisely how Tuan Loh Teh climbed to the top of this scattered band of refugees is unclear. Early-twentieth-century oral histories described him as someone who “gathered together a body of fighting men and declared himself the independent Raja of the Upper Patani valley” in the first decade of the nineteenth century. Whether genealogical links to the Patani court facilitated his rise is unknown, but by 1808, when the Siamese started to break Patani into several states, Tuan Loh Teh already controlled the tin rich interior. Given that the Bangkok court was generally in no position to choose local leaders in the outer provinces, the Siamese most likely confirmed—rather than inaugurated—Tuan Loh The’s rule. This is an important distinction that reverses the assumed relative power imbalance between local actors and external suzerains. Rather than being a product of Patani’s demise, the emergence of Raman was probably a contributor to the declining fortunes of this once-great Malay polity, Patani Kingdom.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Consolidating Control over the Kroh Plateau</span><br />By 1818 Tuan Loh Teh was growing quite wealthy from his control of the valuable tin resources of the Kroh plateau. According to figures supplied by the Juragen Sulaiman in 1818 (an associate of Penang’s John Anderson), the Perak side of the watershed was producing around 1,500 bahar of tin a year, tin which fetched up to $54 a bahar in Penang. Tuan Loh Teh taxed tin miners at $24 a bahar and additionally demanded 50 percent of output as tax-in-kind. This tribute was then sold at the market rate in Penang.10 While the gross profit was eroded significantly by transportation costs and the division of profits amongst local officials, the tin industry provided this upstart Raja with a handsome source of income with which to consolidate power over the strategic Patani-Perak watershed.<br />The profits inevitably prompted interest from neighbouring polities. The Perak court’s attempts to reassert control over the Kroh mines would disrupt the industry in the late 1820s. Opportunities to exploit valuable mineral deposits suffered further due to a number of local conflicts in the 1830s. In 1831-32 and 1838-39, supporters of the deposed ex-Raja of Kedah campaigned violently against Songkhla. The development of export routes down to the coast from the watershed had the unfortunate effect of eroding the isolation that had formerly given Raman a degree of protection from lowland disturbances. The Raja of Raman’s successful manipulation of the Muda and Patani Rivers as a means to export tin and cattle invited reverse flows in the shape of invading forces. Kedah rebels engaged in campaigns against Songkhla and Nakhon in 1831-32 and 1838-9 devastated the watershed zone.11 The pillaging that was typical of local conflicts, where conscripts often measured the success of a campaign in terms of the<br />booty won, severely disrupted mining activity. Labourers fled southwards to the relative safety of coastal Perak and the routes that conveyed tin down to the coast became the province of bandits. Newbold’s figures for Kedah tin in the year ending 1836—probably the most peaceful of this entire decade—show that a mere 200 bahar was exported from Kuala Muda, while next door in Perak—the beneficiary of refugee flight—2,500 bahar was produced during the same period.12 Where tin mining continued, low labour supply and the general insecurity of property arising from troubles in the Kedah and Patani lowlands kept production to a minimum.<br />In the 1840s, the conclusion of disputes over the Kedah throne ushered in a period of relative calm. The mines returned to productivity under the watchful gaze of Toh Nang Patani, sister of the second Raja of Raman, Tuan Kundur. The mines were being worked profitability by mid-century and might have expanded much faster but for the opening up of the Larut tin fields in Perak which soaked up the limited labour supplies. In the 1860s, however, an emerging alliance between the Rajas of Raman and Penangbased Chinese miners once more ensured adequate labour for the Kroh plateau mines.<br />In this decade Tuan Timung (the third Raja of Raman) went into the tin business with Fong Kwi, alias Dato Chawan, a Chinese towkay from Penang. By the mid-1860s the primary mine at Klian Intan was producing 900 piculs (54,000 tonnes) per year for a profit of $30,000.13 Further expansion would be linked to events taking place on the other side of the watershed where rivals to the Penang market were also keen to exploit the wealth of the interior.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Patani Kapitan</span><br />The ties that would develop between the tin mines of Raman and Chinese merchantadministrators<br />in the east coast port of Patani were intimately related to the 1838-39 attack on Songkhla led by Tengku Mohamed Sa’ad. At the time of the 1838 conflict, the governor of Songkhla was Thien Seng, a second-generation member of the Wu dynasty. During his reign, a number of Hokkien immigrants had settled in Songkhla. During the 1838 siege, one of these immigrants organised his clansmen as defence volunteers and subsequently helped to win a major engagement against besieging Kedah troops.19 As a reward for his contribution to the defence of the city, this<br />immigrant, named Pui Sae Tan, was appointed by the governor of Songkhla as the kapitan of the Chinese community in neighbouring Patani. Along with hundreds of kinsmen, he moved south with a new Siamese title and established a home for himself and his followers on high ground near the river mouth.<br />The post of kapitan opened a number of doors for an enterprising merchant like Pui Sae Tan. In Patani the kapitan held the revenue farms on opium and gambling and responsibility for collecting the Chinese poll tax. He was also responsible for sending tax revenues back to the governor of Songkhla. Pui Sae Tan was evidently so good at the latter job that he was granted several mining concessions up the Patani River, within the states of Raman and neighbouring Yala. Like the Kroh Plateau mines, these were exceedingly rich in both tin and galena (lead sulphate). Records of the ninety-acre Laboo mining leases, taken up in 1844 and 1847, estimated it contained 2.5 million cubic yards of alluvial tin ore.<br /><br />The period during which Pui Sae Tan developed his concessions was a prosperous one for Patani. By 1848, the volume of shipping passing between Singapore and east coast ports like Patani and Songkhla had risen five-fold from a low point of the mid- 1830s.21 Pui Sae Tan’s family were clearly connected to this British port, for one of his daughters had married a Singaporean. But while we know the town had grown in population with many foreign businessmen settling there, specific data on the operation of mining interests in the watershed and linkages to external markets is lacking. By Pui Sae Tan’s death in 1878, however, the mines under his family’s control were thriving. Tin and lead formed Patani’s principal exports, the trade of which was controlled by the Chinese. Upon his death, Pui Sae Tan’s eldest son, Ju Meng, took control of a lucrative mining business that included the rich Tham Thalu mine in Yala. In the early 1880s Cameron estimated that Tham Thalu was one of the richest mineral deposits on<br />the entire Malayan peninsula. In 1883, as he drew a map that he hoped would prove British claims to the mines of Klian Intan in Raman, Hugh Low was similarly drawn to the other side of the watershed where he simply marked Tham Thalu as “The Great Mine”.<br /><br />Aside from tin, Ju Meng also held the Patani opium farm, a profitable enterprise in a province where the drug was smoked to great excess. Cameron described Ju Meng as “a man of great force of character [who] exercises more power throughout the Patani provinces than any other individual”. Both he and his brother Ju Laay, alias Phrajiin Khananurak, were connected by marriage to Chao Phraya Songkhla. Although Ju Laay held the post of kapitan, both he and the Raja were subordinate to Ju Meng, a clear indication that control over the riches of the interior now surpassed that of the coastal regions. The post of kapitan was still lucrative, however. Ju Laay was the master of shipping, collector of customs and inland duties, and magistrate of the Chinese community. The position gave him real advantages in regard to importing labour and opium for the mines further upstream, and for exporting tin to Bangkok or Singapore. As late as 1957, the family still controlled their own kongsi, which managed labour<br />importation for the various kongsi houses on mining concessions in the watershed. Through their control of these two important posts, these two sons of Pui Sae Tan played an important role in the mining economy, from extraction through to export.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Raja of Raman</span><br /><br />1. Raja Tuan Loh The,<br />2. Raja Tuan Kundur.<br />3. Raja Tuan Timung<br />4. Raja Tuan Jagong<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Patani Kapitan</span><br /><br />1. Pui Sae Tan alias Luang Samretkitjakornjaangwaang.<br />2. Ju Meng alias Luang Sunthornsithiloha, Pui Sae Tan’s eldest son,tax farmer of opium farm and tin mine concession<br />3. Ju Laay alias Phrajiin Khananurak, younger brother of Ju Meng. He was the master of shipping, collector of customs and inland duties, and magistrate of the Chinese<br />community . Both brothers connected by marriage to Chao Phraya Songkhla, the Na Songkhla family. The Raja of Rahman has monopoly on the elephants, as royal family. The Raja entered into commercial relationship with tin miners, as the elephants will transport the tin to Penang market, a overland trip of 20km, after that it must be transport by river, from Patani River to Muda River. <br /><br />Related articles:<br /><br />1.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-28263885196991907462010-02-23T23:20:00.000-08:002010-03-12T02:38:45.469-08:00Old Street of Kuala LumpurNames of streets always change, some due to nationalism, the colonial names were all changed; but the new names did not reflect the history of the street or location. Old colonial English street names traced to the colonial history, whether you like it or hate it , it is still part of the national history. Nowaday, street names may be a tourist attraction, it has a lot of story to tell from the names of the streets. If we frequently changed the names of our streets, part of the history will be lost, which means tourist money......<br /><br />Jalan Hang Tuah in Kuala Lumpur do no sound historical, but it will be great for Malacca. If the tourist ask what is the significance of Hang Tuah to the street in Kuala Lumpur, the tourist guide will have hard time to explain. Names cannot simply change, it must have historical significance.... <br /><br />List of KL Old Roads<br /><br />Ampang Road - Jalan Ampang<br />Ampang Street - Leboh Ampang<br />Batu Road - Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman<br />Birch Road - Jalan Maharajalela<br />Bluff Road - Jalan Bukit Aman<br />Brickfields Road - Jalan Sambanthan<br />Campbell Road - Jalan Dang Wangi<br />Cecil Street - Jalan Hang Lekir<br />Church Street - Jalan Gereja<br />Clarke Street - Jalan Mahkamah Tinggi<br />Club Road - Jalan Parlimen<br />Cross Street - Jalan Silang<br />Dickson Street - Jalan Masjid India<br />Davidson Road - Jalan Hang Jebat<br />Foch Avenue - Jalan Cheng Lock<br />High Street - Jalan Bandar - Jalan Tun H S Lee<br />Holland Road - Jalan Mahkamah Persekutuan<br />Hospital Road - Jalan Chendersari<br />Java Street - Mountbatten Road - Jalan Tun Perak<br />Klyne Street - Jalan Hang Lekiu<br />Malacca Street - Jalan Melaka<br />Market Street - Leboh Pasar Besar<br />Old Market Square (Macao Street + Hokkien Street) - Medan Pasar<br />Parry Road - Jalan P Ramlee<br />Petaling Street - Jalan Petaling<br />Pudoh Street - Jalan Pudu<br />Rodger Street - Jalan Hang Kasturi<br />Shaw Road - Jalan Hang Tuah<br />Station Street - Jalan Balai Polis<br />Sultan Street - Jalan Sultan<br />Swettenham Road - Jalan Mahameru<br />Theatre Street - Jalan Panggong<br />Treacher Road - Jalan Sultan Ismail<br />Venning Road - Jalan Perdana<br />Victoria Avenue - Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin<br />Weld Road - Jalan Raja Chulan<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/96CUt-_i-kA&hl=en_US&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/96CUt-_i-kA&hl=en_US&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="344" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /><br />Can you still remember the old names of the street? Where is Weld Road my friend? Remember Cold Storage?.....Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-79907052190089167062010-02-12T16:54:00.000-08:002010-03-13T09:03:51.728-08:00Pattani Kingdom(ปัตตานี, 北大年)Patani (Pattani) or Sultanate of Pattani is known to have been part of the ancient Srivijayan kingdom. It then covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The King of Patani is believed to have been converted to Islam some time during the 11th century, the 6-7th century Hindu state of Pan Pan may or may not be related.<br /><br />It is not known precisely when Patani was first founded, but evidence points to sometime in the fourteenth century. Local stories tell of a fisherman named Pak- tani who was sent by a king from the interior to survey the coast to find a place for an appropriate settlement. After he established a successful fishing outpost, other people moved to join him. The town soon grew into a prosperous trading center that continued to bear his name. The authors of the Hikayat Patani chronicle mentioned this story as untrue when they told their own tale of the king founding the city, but this latter story seems an attempt to undermine an already established tradition and gain more glory for its early rulers.<br /><br />Like many of the small kingdoms in Southeast Asian history, Pattani broke away from an older ancient state. Most did not have their own written language, enjoyed only short periods of real independence and have long since disappeared.<br /><br />The four southern provinces, collectively known as southern Thailand, are Patani, Narathiwat, Yala and Satun. These had their early origins under the rule of Langkasuka. The kingdom of Patani gradually replaced Langkasuka and the four provinces were incorporated into what is known as Patani Raya or Greater Patani. Tome Pires believed that the state of Patani was established as early as the 1390s. This is based on evidence of the relationship between the Siam kingdom and the Patani kingdom. One of the Thai kings of the period had married a daughter of one of the nobles of the Patani court. The fruit of this marriage was Tamagi who later became the ruler of Tumasik under Siam rule. Tamagi was later murdered by Parameswara, a Palembang prince who later became the founder of the Malay kingdom of Malacca. The news of the murder reached the King of Patani who immediately dispatched an armada to capture Parameswara. Parameswara., however, managed to escape through the Muar river and reached a place he subsequently called Malacca. Malacca was subsequently established in 1398 on the Malay Peninsula.<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=hp&ie=UTF8&q=Thailand&fb=1&gl=my&ei=PWubS9-YLqeOyATzlLCGAg&ved=0CBgQpQY&view=map&geocode=FVAo8gAdHQYFBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Thailand&ll=7.906912,99.799805&spn=7.61182,9.338379&z=6&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=embed&ie=UTF8&q=Thailand&fb=1&gl=my&ei=PWubS9-YLqeOyATzlLCGAg&ved=0CBgQpQY&view=map&geocode=FVAo8gAdHQYFBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Thailand&ll=7.906912,99.799805&spn=7.61182,9.338379&z=6" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />Thus it is clear that Patani was already an established kingdom by the time Malacca was established. This fact is further corroborated by the Portuguese through the writings of one of its historians, Godinho de Eredia, in his book Declaracan de Mala e India Meridional written in 1613,:<br />“It is to be noted that the eastern coast of Ujontana was peopled and frequented before the other or western coast; thus the histories relate that Malayos inhabited Pattane and Pam before the foundation of Malacca. At that time the ruler of Pam governed Sycapura and the Monarch who resided in Pattane, the metropolis of the Malayos.”<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Islamization</span><br /><br />Historians are inclined to date the coming of Islam to Patani to coincide with the coming of Islam to the whole of the Malay Archipelago i.e. at the end of the 13th century. This view is based upon the similar Islamic features of the gravestones of the King of Patani and Sultan al-Malik al-Saleh of the Pasai kingdom of northern Sumatera. This would mean that Patani had received Islam even before Malacca had been established.<br /><br />Local historians put the date much earlier, as early as the 10th or the 11th century. This spread however did not occur at the level of the court, as the court only converted to Islam in 1457. Thus even though Patani received Islam much earlier than Malacca it did not become a Muslim empire due to the reluctance of the court to accept Islam at that early period.<br /><br />This would mean that Patani had received Islam from missionaries from the old Malay kingdom of Langkasuka. Langkasuka in turn had received Islam from Campa which was another Muslim empire in the 11th and 12th century. The ruling families of the three kingdoms were close with intermarriage; however as regards faith, they were always separate with Patani not being a Muslim kingdom at that very early period.<br /><br />The story of the conversion of the King of Patani is also recorded in the earliest record of the history of Patani, conveniently called “Tarikh al-Fatani”. The story begins with the illness of the King Paya Tunaqpa with no physician in the kingdom able to cure him. A Muslim preacher present in the town at the time decided to use the opportunity to help cure the king on condition that upon recovering, he would convert to Islam. The king agreed and upon recovering he converted to Islam and assumed the title of Sultan Ismail Syah Zillullah fi al-Alam. Thus began the reign of the Muslim kingdom of Patani in 1457.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Langkasuka 2nd century - 14th century</span><br /><br />Langkasuka was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom founded in the region as early as the second century. The historical record is sparse, but a Chinese Liang Dynasty record (c. 500 AD) refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" (Chinese: 狼牙脩) as being founded in the 1st century AD. As described in the Chinese chronicles, Langkasuka was thirty days' journey from east to west, and twenty from north to south, 24,000 li in distance from Guangzhou. Its capital was said to be surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. The Buddhist monk Yi Jing mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in Lang-chia-su.<br /><br />The kingdom drew trade from Chinese, Indian, and local traders as a stopping place for ships bound for, or just arrived from, the Gulf of Thailand. Langkasuka reached its greatest economic success in the sixth and seventh centuries and afterward declined as a major trade center. Political circumstances suggest that by the eleventh century Chola invasion, Langkasuka was no longer a major port visited by merchants. However, much of the decline may be due to the silting up of its harbor, shown most poignantly today by the fact that the most substantial Langkasukan ruins rest approximately 15 kilometers from the sea. <br /><br />The ancient Hindu-Malay empire of Langkasuka was centered in Pattani, today's southern Thailand, which encompasses of modern Malaysia states Kelantan, Terengganu and northern Kedah, as well as modern Thai provinces of Pattani (Patani in Malay), Yala (Jala), Narathiwat (Menara), Songkhla (Singgora) and Satun (Setul). Malay legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at Kedah, and later moved to Pattani.<br /><br />The kingdom's designation in Chinese records changed over time: it was known as "Lang-ya-se-chia" during the Song dynasty (960-1279); "Long-ya-si-jiao" during the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368); and "Lang-se-chia" during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), as evidenced by the Mao Kun map of Admiral Zheng He. The name "Langkasuka" was also mentioned in Malay and Javanese chronicles. Tamil sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola's conquests in his expedition against the Srivijaya empire. It was described as a kingdom that that was "undaunted in fierce battles".<br /><br />In 515 AD King Bhagadatta first established relations with China, with further embassies sent in 523, 531 and 568. In the 12th century Langkasuka was a tributary to the Srivijaya empire, and around the 14th century it was replaced by the Pattani Kingdom.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Srivijaya(Hindu-Buddhist Empire)7th to 13th century</span><br /><br />Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Southeast Asia. The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months. The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, dated 683. The kingdom ceased to exist between 1200 and 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of Majapahit.<br /><br />Pattani became part of the Hindu-Buddhist Empire of Srivijaya, a maritime confederation based in Palembang. Srivijaya dominated trade in the South China Sea and exacted tolls on all traffic through the Straits of Malacca. Malay culture had substantial influence on the Khmer Empire, and the ancient city of Nakhon Pathom. Despite claims that the origins of the name Pattani means "this beach", it may been the same country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan. The kingdom adopted the name "Patani" under the rule of Sultan Ismail Shah. According to local folklore, he was finding a spot for the kingdom's new capital, and when he arrived to the place he liked best, he shouted "Pantai Ini!" which means in Malay, "This beach!" According to most accounts, this capital is thought to be today's modern Kru Se (Kampung Grisek).<br /><br />Pan Pan?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sukhothai(Siamese Kingdom)1238-1438-1583</span><br /><br />In the 14th century, King Ramkhamhaeng the Great((c.1239 - 1317) of Sukhothai (also known as Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng, Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช), occupied Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal states - including Pattani. Ramkhamhaeng’s government characterized the governance of Sukhothai kingdom – the patrocracy – in which the king is considered “father” and people “children”. He also encouraged the free trade. In 1378, the armies from Ayutthaya kingdom invaded and put Sukhothai under her tributary. <br /><br />Prince Ramesuan or Somdet Phra Ramesuan Boromma Trailokanat Bopit สมเด็จพระราเมศวรบรมไตรโลกนาถบพิตร(1431-1488) was born in 1431 to King Borommaracha Thirat II or Chao Sam Phraya and his queen from the Kingdom of Sukhothai. He became the Uparaja (lit. Vice-king of crown prince) in 1438. When his cousin, Maha Dhammaracha IV (พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ 4) or Borommapan(บรมปาล)of Sukhothai who ruled from 1419 to 1438, died in 1438, Ramesuan was then technically the king of Sukhothai – though he was too young to be crowned. It was also the end of Phra Ruang Dynasty (1238-1368-1438). Upon reaching majority in 1446(?), Borommaracha II sent Ramesuan to Pitsanulok to assume the Sukhothai throne. Boormmaracha II died in 1448, Prince Ramesuan was then crowned as the king of Ayutthaya – thus a personal union between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. The ruler of Ayutthaya also ruler of Sukhothai, he ruled from 1448-1488.<br /><br />(Note: He was the ruler of Sukhothai from 1438 to 1488, ruler of Ayutthaya from 1448-1488, ruler of both from 1448-1488). In between 1448-1474, King Ramesuan's relative, a Sukhothai royalty and claimed to be the rightful king of Sukhothai. He allied with Lanna King, Tilokaraj and took Sukhothai. In 1474, King Ramesuan finally expelled the Lanna out of his kingdom,and rule Sokhothai again until 1488) <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Ayutthaya(Siamese kingdom)1351-1767</span><br /><br />The Thais conquered the isthmus during the thirteenth century. Their kingdom was a single unified state with Ayutthaya as a capital and many smaller vassal states under its control. Thus, they used a self-governing system whereby the vassal states and tributary provinces owed allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya, but otherwise ran their own affairs.<br /><br />A sheikh from Kampong Pasai (presumeably a small community of traders from Pasai who lived on the outskirts of Patani) named Sa'id or Shafi'uddin, in various accounts, healed the king of a rare skin disease and after much negotiation (and recurrence of the disease), the king agreed to convert to Islam, adopting the name Sultan Ismail Shah. Afterward, all of the sultan's officials also converted. There is fragmentary evidence, however, that some local people had begun to convert prior to the king's conversion. First of all, the existence of a diasporic Pasai community near Patani shows that local people had regular, close contact with Muslims. But there are also travel reports, such as that of Ibn Battuta, and early Portuguese accounts that claimed Patani had an established Muslim community even prior to Melaka (which officially converted in 1413), which would suggest that non-courtiers, probably merchants who made contact with other emerging Muslims centers of the time, were the first to convert in the region.<br /><br />During much of the fifteenth century Ayutthaya's energies were directed toward the Malay Peninsula, especially the trading port of Malacca, which fell under the rule of the Malacca Sultanate. Ayutthaya's sovereignty extended over Malacca and the Malay states south of Tambralinga (Nakorn Sri Thammarat). Ayutthaya helped to develop and stabilize the region, opening the way for the lucrative trade on the isthmus. This attracted Chinese merchants seeking specialty goods for the markets of China.<br /><br />The sixteenth century witnessed the rise of Burma, which under an aggressive dynasty had overrun Chiang Mai and Laos and then made war on Ayutthaya. In 1569 Burmese forces, joined by Siamese rebels, captured and looted the city of Ayutthaya, carrying the royal family into captivity in Burma. Dhammaraja (reigned 1569-90), a Siam provincial governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya. Thai independence was later restored by his son, King Naresuan the Great (reigned 1590-1605), who rebelled against the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country. <br /><br />During the massive Burmese attack from the north against the ancient Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, Pattani's Sultan Muzaffar Shah took this advantage and launched an attack on Ayutthaya in 1563. He however mysteriously died during battle.<br /><br />Determined to prevent another act of treason like his father's, King Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to execute the policies handed down by the king. Thereafter, the royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but were at court under the king's watchful eye. Even with King Naresuan's reforms, the power of the royal government over the next 150 years should not be overestimated. With the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese in 1569, Pattani had become virtually independent.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The coming of the Europeans</span><br /><br />The coming of the Europeans, beginning with the Portuguese who had established themselves in Malacca in 1511, was used by the ruler of Pattani to gain alliance against the might of Siam. In 1517, the Portuguese, led by Quarte Coelho, came to Pattani to seek an audience with Sultan Ismail Syah. The result of such negotiations was trading rights and privileges for the Portuguese in exchange for Portuguese protection of Pattani from Siam<br /><br />The port of Pattani at that time was one of the busiest and wealthiest ports in the region with trade from China, Japan, Portugal and later on the British, apart from the local traders. The materials on trade were gold, cotton, silk, spices, porcelain and pottery.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Pattani Golden Age(1584-1649/1688)</span><br /><br />Pattani's golden age was during the reign of its four successive queens from 1584, known as Raja Hijau 1584-1616(The Green Queen), Raja Biru 1616-1624(The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu 1624-1635(The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning 1635-1686 (The Yellow Queen), where the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased and managed to fight off at least four Siamese invasions with the help of the eastern Malay kingdom of Pahang and the southern Malay Sultanate of Johore.<br /><br />Chinese merchants, beginning with Cheng Ho in the period 1406-1433, played a major role in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. They were soon joined by other groups such as the Portuguese in 1516, Japanese in 1592, Dutch in 1602, English in 1612, and of course a great number of Malay and Siamese merchants who worked throughout the area. The United East India Company and the English East India Company(EIC) established warehouses in Patani in 1603 and 1612, respectively, and carried out intense trading there. Patani was particularly viewed by European traders as a way of accessing the Chinese market. <br /><br />After 1620, the Dutch and English both closed their warehouses, but a prosperous trade continued, mainly with the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese, for much of the rest of the century. Following the 1688 invasion by Ayudhya, political disorder ensued for the following half-century during which time local rulers were unable to quell the lawlessness that consumed the region. Most foreign merchants abandoned their trade in Patani at that time.<br /><br />In 1630 the Pattani kingdom revolted against the King of Siam, Prasat Thong. In 1630 Patani was ruled by a strong headed princess, Raja Ungu(Purple Queen), who was the former wife of the King of Pahang, a state further south in the Malay Peninsula. She came to the throne rejecting the title Phra Nang Chao-Yang or Raja Nang Cayam given by the King of Siam. Instead she assumed the title Paduka Syah Alam as an act of defiance against King Prasat Thong.<br /><br />Her ascension to the throne coincided with the coup at the Siam court of Ayuthia by Prasat Thong(สมเด็จพระเจ้าปราสาททอง)who later became 1st king of Prasat Thong dynasty(the 4th Dynasty of Ayutthaya kingdom, who ruled form 1629-1656. Raja Ungu rejected Prasat Thong's coronation and declared Patani to be independent from Siam and refused to send the Bunga Emas(Gold flower) as a token of subservience to Siam. The newly crowned king was upset with the turn of events and eventually declared war on Patani on the pretext that Patani had made an unlawful alliance with the Portuguese to destroy Siam.<br /><br />In 1631 Raja Ungu despatched her Pattani army to Ligor to liberate it from Siam control. This infuriated the King of Siam even more. In the aftermath of the battle, the Patani army captured two ships belonging to Siam including two Dutch traders. Ligor was recaptured by Siamese forces. However, the two Dutch traders were still missing. This incident brought the Dutch, who were hitherto neutral observers, into the war on the side of Siam.<br /><br />Following an agreement with the Dutch that they would come at the appointed time of the battle against Pattani, the Siam army began its assault on Pattani in May 1634. The 60,000 strong Siam army could not withstand the assault on their own against the combined forces of Pattani and the Portuguese. As the Dutch was nowhere to be seen, the Siamese army conceded defeat and returned to Ayuthia where the general of the army was later beheaded on the orders of the king. The Dutch finally arrived in June after the battle had long been lost to Pattani. The king was furious and ordered that the whole of the Dutch fleet be confined to their quarters. It was only after constant persuasion that they were released with the excuse that they had engaged and destroyed 6 Pattani ships as the reason for their delay.<br /><br />Two years later in 1636, the Siamese army managed to reorganize itself for another assault on Pattani. This however was never undertaken due to two main factors. The Dutch were ordered by the head of the VOC not to be involved in local feuds. The second factor was the negotiation instigated by the Sultan of Kedah, Sultan Rijalluddin Muhammed Syah (1619-1652). The Sultan became the middle man between Siam and Pattani, thus resolving the issue without any bloodshed. The agreement stated that Siam would not attack Patani and Pattani in turn would send Bunga Emas as a symbol of friendship. The Sultanah disagreed with the Bunga Emas and instead suggested that Pattani send an ambassador to Siam. The representative of the king of Siam, Phraya Phrakhlang, without the backing of the Dutch hesitatingly agreed. Thus the revolt ended with the partial victory of the kingdom of Pattani under the rule of one of its most famous Sultanahs, Sultanah Paduka Syah Alam.<br /><br />The death of the Sultanah ended the hostility towards Siamese rule. Her daughter Raja Kuning(Yellow Queen)regained the Siam title of Phra Nang Chao-Yang or Raja Nang Cayam. Another bid for total freedom came with the occupation of Ayuthia by the Burmese in 1767.<br /><br />In the mid-17th century, however, Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen), believed to be the last of the four successive rulers of Pattani, died. Pattani went through decades of political chaos and conflict, suffering a gradual decline. <br /><br />Around 1688-90, the rule of Pattani shifted to the Kelantan royal line, and this scenario was reversed around 1730 when the Pattani royal line came to rule Kelantan. <br /><br />Raja Bakal, (1688-1690 or 1651-1670), after a brief invasion of Patani by his father in 1649, Raja Sakti I of Kelantan, he was given the throne in Patani.<br /><br />The last sultan of Pattani, Sultan Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin's (1899-1902) son Tengku Seri Akar was married to the daughter of Sultan Muhamad IV of Kelantan. Through the 16th century to the 19th century we can trace many Pattani royal sons and daughters married into the ruling families of Kelantan, Perlis, Trengganu, Pahang, Johor, Melaka and Kedah.<br /><br />One hundred years later, Ayutthaya under King Ekatat (Boromaraja V) (สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอกทัศน์)was faced with another Burmese invasion. He was the 33rd and last monarch of Ayutthaya Kingdom, ruling from 1758 to 1767. On April 7, 1767, Ayutthaya fell. The Burmese looted and burnt the city to the ground. This culminated in the fall and complete destruction of Ayutthaya. Siam was broken apart, Patani declared its independence.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Independence(1767-1771)</span><br /><br />The Malay states under the rule of Siam used the opportunity to declare independence from Siamese rule. The states were Ligor, Patalung and Singgora. Their independence was short-lived as Siam managed to cleanse Ayuthia from the Burmese forces and regain their power. The son of the king was sent to quell the rebellion in the south. The rulers of these three states fled and sought refuge in Patani. The Siamese authorities under the prince pursued them to Patani. He despatched a messenger to the king of Patani, Sultan Muhammad Patani. The messenger declared that the kingdom of Patani would face the wrath of Siam if it did not hand over the rebels. The Sultan had very little choice and agreed.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Thonburi Kingdom(1768-1782)</span><br /><br />n 1768 Taksin (1734-1782)assumed the throne of Thonburi and was named King Krung-Thonburi (generally known as King Taksin the Great, สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี). He rapidly reunified the central Thai heartland. Probably as the kingdom had just emarged, Taksin needed huge resources. He thus began the Siamese expansion for the first time to conquer neighboring kingdoms. In 1769 was able to conquer western Cambodia. After that, his army marched south and reestablished Thai power over the Malay Peninsula including Syburi (today is Kedah)and Terengganu.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Chakri Dynasty(1782-until now)</span><br /><br />General Taksin (later King Taksin) managed to defeat the Burmese and reunify the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by his successor, King Rama I(พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจักรีบรมนาถฯ พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก, b 1736-d 1809). The Chakri Dynasty (also known as the House of Chakri) (Thai: ราชวงศ์จักรี: Rajawongse Chakri) is the current ruling royal house of the Kingdom of Thailand, the Head of the house is the King of Thailand. The Dynasty has ruled Thailand since the founding of the Ratthanakosin era and the city of Bangkok in 1782 following the end of King Taksin of Thonburi's reign, when the capital of Siam shifted to Bangkok. The Royal house was founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke an Ayutthayan military leader.<br /><br />In 1784, under threat from Burma, the King of Siam again despatched his son to recapture the southern states of Ligor and Phuket from Burma. After the success of destroying the Burmese armada, the prince requested the states of Kedah and Patani to send Bunga Emas to Siam as a sign of subservience.<br /><br />Sultan Muhammad Patani refused and rejected the request incurring the wrath of Siam who sent an army to attack and destroy Patani. The army assaulted an already weakened Patani kingdom in November 1786. Patani fell to the control of Siam on this historic date. The Siamese army committed atrocities with utmost rigour against the inhabitants. Sir Francis Light, who had just settled in Penang, wrote a letter to the Governor-General of India, Lord Cornwallis, detailing the massacre and atrocities that he had heard were occurring in Patani. Men, elderly ladies and children were all captured and thrown to the ground to be stepped upon by herds of elephants. 4000 more men were sent back to Ayuthia as slaves and were later used as labourers to build the new capital of Siam, called Bangkok.<br /><br />Due to these atrocities many fled Patani to neighbouring Kedah. From 1786 onwards the rulers of Patani were appointed by the Siamese court in Ayuthia and later on Bangkok. This however did not stop the masses from rising up due to differential treatment meted out to the Malays. Beginning with Tengku Lamidin, who was appointed ruler by Siam, later rebelled and was subsequently captured and executed, the other rulers were also subservient in the beginning but revolted in the course of time.<br /><br />Faced with frequent rebellions, the Siam authorities employed numerous tactics to pacify the south. The divide and rule tactic was used and the Patani provinces were divided into seven smaller provinces: Patani, Nhongchik, Raman, Ra-ngae, Saiburi, Yala and Yaring. This tactic however did not solve the problem; instead it created problems over revenue collections and taxation. It also did not quell the rebellions as the indigenous Patani rulers, influenced by the Kedah rebellion against Siam, also instigated another rebellion in 1832. They were defeated but another uprising was to occur 6 years later. The Siam authority then decided to choose the appointed officials from the Patani people themselves. This helped establish a stable and peaceful atmosphere for many years before the coming of King Chulalongkorn (1868-1910)<br /><br />A resurgent and much stronger Siam, led by Prince Surasi (Vice-King Boworn Maha Surasinghanat), the younger brother of King Rama I, sought the submission of Pattani. During the reign of Pattani's last Queens in the 17th Century, the kingdom fell into disarray and went into gradual decline. A Siamese leader, Phraya Taksin, drove off the Burmese invaders out of Siam in a war of independence. His successor, Rama I, established the Chakri Dynasty, which still rules Thailand till today. The reunited and stronger Siamese army was to face another Burmese raid and demanded troops from a reluctant Pattani.<br /><br />Prince Surasi, Rama I's son, invaded Pattani. Its Sultan Muhammad was killed in battle and his capital razed to the ground. According to local sources, 4,000 Malay men were enslaved and made to work on Bangkok's system of khlongs (canals). To further humiliate the Pattanese, the symbol of Pattani's military strength, the Seri Patani and Seri Negara cannons, were brought to Bangkok and it is today displayed in front of the Ministry of Defense.<br /><br />On 1791 and 1808, there were several unsuccessful rebellions within Pattani against their Thai conquerors. Following which, Pattani was divided into 7 largely autonomous states ; Pattani, Nongchik, Saiburi (Teluban), Yala (Jala), Yaring (Jambu), Ra-ngae (Legeh) and Reman. All these was ruled by the King of Ligor. For several months, there was a period of independence when along with Kedah Malays, Pattanese drove the Thais out. This however was short-lived.<br /><br />King Chulalongkorn (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ฯ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว, b 1853-d 1910) introduced a centralisation programme (thesaphiban) which was to increase the strain of direct control from the capital Bangkok. In 1901 Siam regrouped the seven provinces of Patani under one single administrative unit called “Area of Seven Provinces” (boriween chet huamuang) and placed it under the control of an area commissioner who worked directly under the Interior Ministry. The treasuries of the Malay kingdom was handled directly by the Revenue Department as in other Siamese provinces. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1902-1909 Under Siam </span><br /><br />In 1902, Pattani was formally annexed by Siam.<br /><br />By 1906 the area of the seven Malay provinces was administratively reorganised into a “circle” (monthon) called Monthon Patani. The Monthon Patani incorporated the seven provinces into four larger provinces: Patani, Bangnara, Saiburi and Yala.<br /><br />A district of Kedah was also incorporated into Siamese territory and named Satun Province. Kedah was however ceded to England together with Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu in accordance with the Anglo-Siamese Treaty signed in March 1909 <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1909 - Anglo-siamese treaty of 1909</span><br /><br />Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was signed between Great Britain and Siam. With that agreement, the British recognized Siam sovereignty over Pattani. Later, all seven provinces were reunited into a monthon and incorporated into the kingdom. Later on the central government in Bangkok renamed certain localities with Thai-sounding names, as well as merging together some of the provinces. When the monthon was dissolved in 1933 three provinces remained - Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat.<br /><br />Both Yala (Jala) and Narathiwat (Menara) were originally part of Pattani, but were made provinces of their own. Satun (Sentul) and Songkhla (Singgora) were nearby semi-independent states.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">During WW2</span><br /><br />During World War II, Thailand was an unofficial ally1 with Japan and allowed its southern territory to invade British dependencies and colonies on the Malay peninsula. Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, a prominent Pattani leader who was the son of the last Raja of Pattani, allied himself with the British in promises that after the war should they win, Pattani would be granted independence.<br /><br />The major source of support came from the Malay people frustrated with the Rathaniyom policy during the reign of Phibul Songkhram where Malays were subjected to assimilation and forced to abandon large amounts of their indigenous culture.<br /><br />The Malay leader collaborated with the British in launching guerrilla attacks against the Japanese. In 1945, a petition of Malay leaders lead by Tengku Abdul Jalal demanded from the British independence of the 4 southern provinces from Thailand, which itself had collaborated with the Japanese and declared war on the Allies in 1941. After the war, there was a period where the Greater Malay Pattani State (Negara Melayu Patani Raya) flag rose in Pattani. However, the British soon broke its war promises by reestablishing Thai presence in Pattani and the hopes of an independent Pattani was shattered.<br /><br />This immediately gave rise to many insurgency groups seeking independence. British reasoning behind this move however is to keep Thailand stable, because they are seen as a strategic counterweight to the communist insurgency in China, Indochina and Malaya.<br /><br />After the war finished, however, it was found that the Thai government in charge at that time which declared an ally with Japan was no longer a valid government. Therefore, any agreement it made was invalid. From Free Thai Movement contributions to the Allies intelligence during war time, Thailand was recognized as a non-ally of Japan.<br /><br />During the World War II, along with the Greater Patani Malay Movement lead by Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, another resistance force under the leadership of Islamic scholar Haji Sulong Tokmina fought alongside against the Japanese. Their stated goal is to create an Islamic republic in Patani, which frequently put it at odds with Tengku Mahmud who wants to reestablish the Pattanese Sultanate (being a prince himself).<br /><br />Today, the goals and ideas of Haji Sulong Tokmina is still carried on by minor resistance groups interested in creating an Islamic republic. After the war though, hopes of any independent republic in Pattani was quickly dashed by the British and the Thais.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Chronology of Patani Rulers</span><br /><br /> bf.1400 Patani kingdom founded<br /> 1786 Thai occupation<br /> 1816 split into 7 divisions (Patani, Rahman, Jalar, Sai, Legeh,<br /> Jering, Nongcik)<br /> 1902 incorporated into Siam, now Thailand.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Inland Dynasty</span><br /><br /> * Sultan Ismail Shah (d. 1530?), founder of the kingdom according to one account, and the first ruler to convert to Islam. In actuality, other rulers must have preceded him. It is also likely that during his reign the Portuguese first visited the port to trade, arriving in 1516. He was called King Phaya Tu Nakpa before his conversion.<br /> * Sultan Mudhaffar Shah (c. 1530-1564), son of Sultan Ismail Shah, who died during an attack on Ayudhya (Siam).<br /> * Sultan Manzur Shah (1564-1572), brother of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah.<br /> * Sultan Patik Siam (1572-1573), son of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah, who was murdered by his half-brother, Raja Bambang.<br /> * Sultan Bahdur (1573-1584), son of Sultan Manzur Shah, who was considered a tyrant in most accounts.<br /> * Raja Ijau (1584-1616), sister of Sultan Bahdur, during whose reign Patani attained his greatest economic success as a middle-sized port frequented by Chinese, Dutch, English, Japanese, Malays, Portuguese, Siamese, and other merchants.<br /> * Raja Biru (1616-1624), sister of Raja Ijau.<br /> * Raja Ungu (1624-1635), sister of Raja Biru, who was particularly opposed to Siamese interference in local affairs.<br /> * Raja Kuning (1635-1649/88), daughter of Raja Ungu and last queen of the Inland Dynasty. Controversy surrounds the exact date of the end of her reign.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Kelantan Dynasty</span><br /><br /> * Raja Bakal, (1688-1690 or 1651-1670), after a brief invasion of Patani by his father in 1649, Raja Sakti I of Kelantan, he was given the throne in Patani.<br /> * Raja Emas Kelantan (1690-1704 or 1670-1698), thought by Teeuw & Wyatt to be a king, but claimed by al-Fatani to be a queen, the widow of Raja Bakal and mother of the succeeding queen.<br /> * Raja Emas Chayam (1704-1707 or 1698-1702 and 1716-1718), daughter of the two preceding rulers, according to al-Fatani.<br /> * Raja Dewi (1707-1716; Fatani gives no dates).<br /> * Raja Bendang Badan (1716-1720 or ?-1715), he was afterward raja of Kelantan, 1715-1733.<br /> * Raja Laksamana Dajang (1720-1721; Fatani gives no dates).<br /> * Raja Alung Yunus (1728-1729 or 1718-1729), <br /> * Raja Yunus (1729-1749)<br /> * Raja Long Nuh (1749-1771). <br /><br />Kings<br /> 1690 - 1707 Raja Mas Kelatan<br /> 1707 - 1710 Raja Mas Jayam (1st time)<br /> 1710 - 1719 Raja Dewi (f)<br /> 1719 - 1723 Raja Bendang Badan<br /> 1723 - 1724 Raja Laksamana Dajang<br /> 1724 - 1726 Raja Mas Jayam (2nd time)<br /> 1726 - 12 Aug 1729 Along Yunus (b. ... - d. 1729)<br /> 1729 - 1749 Raja Yunus <br /> 1749- 1771 Raja Long Nuh <br /> 1729 - 1776 ...<br /> 1776 - 1786 Sultan Muhammad<br /> 1786 - 1791 Tengku Lamidin<br /> 1791 - 1808 Datok Pengkalan<br /> 1808 - 1815 Nai Khwan Sai<br /> 1815 - 1816 Nai Pai<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Kelantan & Patani </span><br /><br />Patani and Kelantan have close relationship. Raja Bakal, (1688-1690 or 1651-1670), after a brief invasion of Patani by his father in 1649, Raja Sakti I of Kelantan, he was given the throne in Patani.<br /><br />Sultan Long Bahar, from Patani, ruled Kelantan from 1721 to 1734. He was the son-in-law of Sultan Omar, husband of Rajah Pah. This put an end to the Raja Jembal line of ancestry, which start from Raja Loyor to Sultan Omar. Raja Loyor was the raja of Jembal, who succeed Che Wan Kembang in 1649. Che Wan Kembang was the descendant of the original Raja Kumar. <br /><br />Around 1760, Long Yunus, an aristocratic warlord of Patani origin succeeded in unifying the territory of present-day Kelantan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Modern Thailand</span><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Pattani Province(北大年府), Thailand</span><br /><br />Pattani (Thai ปัตตานี) today is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from south-east clockwise) Narathiwat(陶公府), Yala(惹拉府) and Songkhla(宋卡府).<br /><br />Pattani is one of the four provinces of Thailand(The others are Yala, Narathiwat,Satun) where the majority of the population are Malay Muslim, making up 88% of the population. They speak the Patani Malay language. The Pattani Malays are very similar in ethnicity and culture to the Malays of Kelantan, Malaysia.<br /><br />Pattani is subdivided into 12 districts (amphoe), which are further subdivided into 115 communes (tambon) and 629 villages (muban).<br /><br />The districts of Chana (Malay: Chenok), Thepa (Malay:Tiba) and Saba Yoi (Malay:Sebayu) were detached from Pattani and transferred to Songkhla in recent times by the Thai government.<br /><br /> 1. Mueang Pattani (Malay: Patani)<br /> 2. Khok Pho<br /> 3. Nong Chik<br /> 4. Panare<br /> 5. Mayo<br /> 6. Thung Yang Daeng<br /> 7. Sai Buri (Malay: Teluban or Selindung Bayu)<br /> 8. Mai Kaen<br /> 9. Yaring (Malay: Jaring)<br /> 10. Yarang<br /> 11. Mae Lan<br /> 12. Kapho<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">separatist movement</span><br /><br />A separatist movement now exists, which after being dormant for many years erupted again in 2004. The movement is extremely violent, committing acts such as murdering members of the Buddhist minority, burning public schools, mining roads and ambushing military and police units. Muslims who cooperate with Thai authorities including Thai schooling are also considered fair game for attack. The separatist movement are mainly Malay Muslims in Pattani, Narathiwat and Yala provinces, except Satun province(which are Kedah Malay). <br /><br />( Note: Satun does not have a history of political confrontation with the central power in Bangkok or of tension with the Buddhist population which makes up the majority of Thailand as a country. Malay Muslims in Satun are substantially assimilated and rarely sympathise with separatism from Thailand. Some of them are mixed Malay-Siamese, called Samsam).Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-81612147476921547572010-02-02T05:48:00.000-08:002010-02-02T06:05:11.560-08:00Sarawak only Sultan?ABOUT 200 years before the Brookes became the White Rajah of Sarawak, Sarawak was under the control of the Brunei Sultanate. Not much has been known how Sarawak was governed by the Brunei Sultanate but presumably there was an equivalent of a governor then.<br /><br />Not many know that around 1598, Sarawak had its first and only Sultan. How did this come about?<br /><br />When Sultan Muhammad Hassan, Brunei's ninth Sultan who reigned from 1582 to 1598 died, the throne was ascended by his eldest son, Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar.<br /><br />Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar had a younger sibling named Pengiran Muda Tengah Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah or was better known as Raja Tengah.<br /><br />According to oral tradition, Pengiran Muda Tengah wanted to become the Sultan of Brunei as well. He argued that his elder brother was born when his father was not yet the Crown Prince whereas he was born when Sultan Muhammad Hassan was anointed as the Crown Prince. This, argued Pengiran Muda Tengah, made him more suited to be the Sultan than his elder brother.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sarawak 1st sultan 1582-1598</span><br />Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar was a wise man. He understood his younger sibling's intention and he tried to accommodate his brother's wishes. One way out for Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar was to appoint Pengiran Muda Tengah as a Sultan somewhere else. And so Pengiran Muda Tengah was appointed as the Sultan of Sarawak, since Sarawak was then owned and governed by Brunei.<br /><br />According to the Salsilah Raja-Raja Brunei, Pengiran Muda Tengah accepted the appointment and he made preparation to go to Sarawak. When he went to Sarawak, more than 1,000 warriors of Sakai, Kedayan and Pulau Bunut origins accompanied him. A few nobilities went along with him to help him administer the new country. Many of these are the forefathers of some of today's Malay community in Sarawak.<br /><br />In Sarawak, the new Sultan and his men built a palace and a fort to surround the palace. Sultan Tengah began to appoint his senior officials. Among them was Datu Petinggi Seri Setia, Datu Shahbandar Indera Wangsa, Datu Amar Setia Diraja and Datu Temenggong Laila Wangsa. After everything was done, Sultan Tengah coronated himself as Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, the first Sultan of Sarawak. According to Sambas History, Sultan Tengah was also known as Sultan Abdul Jalil.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Visit Pahang(Johor Empire)</span><br />Around 1599, Sultan Tengah visited Pahang which was then part of the Johor Empire to visit Raja Bonda who was Sultan Tengah's aunty who had married Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhyiddin Shah ibnu Sultan Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah.<br /><br />During his stay, Sultan Tengah was asked to a dance but during that dance, the handkerchief of his dance partner nearly hit Sultan Tengah's face. He became so angry that he slapped his partner. That caused Sultan Johor to be so upset that Sultan Tengah was advised to leave Johor as soon as possible.<br /><br />According to the Sambas History version, Sultan Tengah was forced to leave Johor because he refused Raja Bonda's offer for him to marry Sultan Johor's princess known as Encik Zohra.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Arrive at Sukadana</span><br /><br />On his return to Sarawak, Sultan Tengah's ship ran into a hurricane which caused the ship to lose its main sail. The ship ran aground in Sukadana in today's Kalimantan, Indonesia. Then Sukadana was governed by Penambahan Giri Mustika, Sultan Muhammad Saifuddin who had just converted to Islam helped by Sheikh Shamsuddin from Makkah. Sultan Tengah also studied under Sheikh Shamsuddin during his stay there.<br /><br />In Sukadana, Sultan Tengah married one of the princesses, Puteri Surya Kesuma, the younger sister to Sultan Muhammad Saifuddin. Sultan Tengah stayed on in Sukadana and asked to be allowed to help spread Islam around the area. It was decided that he should do it around the Sambas River. And so around 1600, Sultan Tengah left Sukadana via the Sambas River with about 40 boats all equipped with weapons.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sambas </span><br /><br />At the Sambas River, they landed at Kuala Bangun and by then Puteri Surya Kesuma gave birth to a prince named Radin Sulaiman. Two other princes were also born later. The second prince was known as Pengiran Badaruddin who later became Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja and a third prince, Pengiran Abdul Wahab who later became Pengiran Temenggong Jaya Kesuma.<br /><br />Sultan Tengah eventually arrived at Kota Lama. There, he was welcomed by Ratu Kota Lama, Ratu Sepudak who greeted him with all the royal protocol. Sultan Tengah found that Ratu Sepudak allowed him to spread Islam around the area even though he was not a Muslim. Later on during his stay, Sultan Tengah's eldest son, Radin Sulaiman was married to the daughter of Ratu Sepudak, Puteri Mas Ayu Bongsu. The couple had a son named Radin Bima who later became Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin.<br /><br />When Ratu Sepudak died, he was replaced by Pengiran Prabu Kenchana who appointed Radin Sulaiman as one of his viziers. It was also said that Ratu Sepudak wanted the throne to be given to Sultan Tengah as he had the experience of running a country but that was opposed by the royal family.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Matan</span><br />Around 1630, Sultan Tengah went to Matan. In Matan, he married one of the Matan Princesses who later gave birth to Pengiran Mangku Negara. Pengiran Mangku Negara eventually became the Sultan of Matan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Death: Return to Sarawak</span><br />After a few years' stay in Matan, Sultan Tengah went back to Sarawak. On his return to Sarawak, he stopped at a place called Batu Buaya in Santubong. It was there he was killed by one of his followers.<br /><br />When news of his death reached Sarawak, Datu Petinggi, Datu Shahbandar, Datu Amar and Datu Temenggong came to Santubong to complete the funeral rites according to royal Brunei tradition. It was said that he died in 1641 around 10 years after Radin Sulaiman became Sultan Muhammad Saifuddin I in Sambas. Sultan Muhammad Saifuddin I was replaced by Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin I, then followed by a long lineage of the Sambas Sultanate until the modern times.<br /><br />Meanwhile, Sultan Tengah was buried in Santubong in today's Kampong Batu Buaya. The grave stone marking the grave was fit for a Sultan. With Sultan Tengah's death, came the end of the Sarawak Sultanate made up of the one and only Sultan. But the titles given to the nobilities of Sarawak carried on until today.<br /><br />During his visit to Sarawak, His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam visited the mausoleum of Sultan Tengah in Santubong in August earlier this year.<br /><br />(source: The Brunei Times, http://www.bt.com.bn/en/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan)Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-28264760085474155712010-02-01T04:00:00.000-08:002010-05-10T04:16:23.609-07:00Bugis in Early Malaysia<span style="font-weight:bold;">Bugis Diaspora</span><br /><br />The Bugis (sometimes called the Ugi) live in the province of South Sulawesi. The Bugis region is called Tellumponcoe, and it consists of the regencies of Bone, Wajo, and Soppeng. There are also Bugis people settled throughout the regencies of Luwu, Sidenneng, Polmas, Pinrang, Pare-pare, Barru, Pangkajene, Maros, Bulukumba, and Sinjai. The Bugis are a dynamic and highly mobile people, considered by many to be the dominant people group in South Sulawesi. Many Bugis have left their home area to seek success and wealth. In particular, they have migrated to Sumbawa, Jawa, Papua, and even Malaysia. Their Ugi language is divided into several dialects, namely Luwu, Wajo, Bira Selayar, Palaka, Sindenneng and Sawito.<br /><br />The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesia's third largest island.<br /><br />The conclusion in 1669 of a protracted civil war led to a diaspora of Bugis and their entry into the politics of peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The history of Bugis in Malaysia.</span><br /><br />The Bugis played an important role in defeating Jambi and had a huge influence in Sultanate of Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realized how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. Under the leadership of Daeng Parani, the descendants of two families settled on the Linggi and Selangor rivers and became the power behind the Johor throne, with the creation of the office of the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Yam Tuan Muda), or Bugis underking.<br /><br />THE Bugis (sometimes called the Ugi) are a dynamic and highly mobile people who originated from the province of South Sulawesi (previously known as the Celebes). Skilled sailor-navigators, fighters and traders, many left their homes to seek success and wealth in the late 17th century. Some of them settled in Selangor on the west coast of peninsular Malaysia where they traded in tin. They were also active in Perak and Kedah.<br /><br />The murder of its sultan in 1699, marking the extinction of the royal line of Malacca, and the periodic invasions of the Bugis from Sulawesi (Celebes), began the disintegration of the Riau Johore kingdom. The Bugis established themselves in Selangor, and in 1722 became de facto rulers of the Johore kingdom.<br /><br />The Bugis captured Johor and Riau in 1721. In 1819, Johor was controlled by the Temenggong. The Riau-Linggi Sultanate, in the Riau Archipelago, was controlled by the Bugis.<br /><br />Over time, the Bugis migrants adopted Malay-Muslim customs and merged with Malay society. Intermarriage secured the Bugis bloodline. As a result, Johor’s racial mix of Malays are mostly of Javanese and Bugis descent.<br /><br />The descendants of settler Daing Hadadek are one such family in Johor proud of their Bugis heritage.<br /><br />In the peninsula, the descendants of three prominent Bugis brothers — Daeng Perani, Daeng Merewah and Daeng Celak — settled down in Johor as well as Linggi (Port Dickson) and Selangor. One of the famous Bugis in Malaysia was Tun Abdul Razak(2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia) is a Bugis from Pahang.. His eldest son, Najib Abdul Razak is the current Prime Minister(was the 6th Prime Minister.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Royal title of Bugis</span><br /><br />Daheng or Daeng is a bugis title reserved for nobility not of royal descent.<br /><br />Yang Dipertuan Muda or Yam Tuan Besar(Muda), a royal title which is hereditary for Bugis, and Sultan, Bendahara, Temenggong, were hereditary for Riau Malay. This was a political arrangement when the Bugis helped Raja Sulaiman of the Bendahara house to take the throne from Malacca sultanate bloodline(Raja Kechil). It had seen been a political tradition for Johor Empire. Under the leadership of Daeng Parani, the descendants of two families settled on the Linggi and Selangor rivers and became the power behind the Johor throne, with the creation of the office of the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Yam Tuan Muda), or Bugis underking. Some translator called the title Crown Prince(2nd ranking sultan)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Yam Tuan Muda</span><br />1.Daeng MEREWAH bin Daeng Rilaga 1721/1728<br />2.Upu Daeng CELLAK bin Daeng Rilaga 1728/1745<br />3.Daeng KAMBODJA bin Daeng Parani 1745/1777,(b1697-d1777)<br />4.Raja HAJI Fasibillah bin Daeng Cellak 1777/1784<br />5.Raja ALI I bin Daeng Kambodja 1784/1805 <br />6.Raja JA'AFAR bin al-Marhum Raja Haji 1805/1831,(b 1770- d 1831)<br />7. HH Raja ABDUL RAHMAN bin al-Marhum Raja Ja'afar 1831/1844<br />8. HH Raja ALI II bin al-Marhum Raja Ja'afar 1844/1857,(b 1809- d 1857)<br />9.HH Raja Haji ABDULLAH bin al-Marhum Raja Ja'afar [Tengku Dalam Abdullah] 1857/1858, Chief of Klang 1854/1857, Orang Besar Klang [cr.1853],<br />10.HH Raja MUHAMMED YUSUF bin al-Marhum Raja Ali 1858/1899<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1. Bugis and Johore Empire(Johor-Riau-Lingga Kingdom)</span><br /><br />In 1718 the Raja Kecik of Siak, who claimed to be the unborn son of the late Sultan Mahmud Shah which died in 1699, attacked and conquered Johore kingdom. After one year later, Raja Kecik moved to Riau (Bintan) and ruled Johore kingdom from Riau. About three years later, Raja Sulaiman, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil, managed to topple Raja Kecik from the throne with the help of five Bugis Princes. He than succeed the Johore throne as the Yang Dipertuan Besar with the title of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, and the kingdom now know Johore – Riau kingdom. Sultan Sulaiman than proclaim one of the sibling of the five Bugis Princes, Opu Daeng Merewah or known as Kelana Jaya Putera to be the Yang Dipertuan Muda with the title of Sultan Alauddin Shah, as his representative to rule the Johore – Riau kingdom. Three years later Sultan Sulaiman send delegation to Trengganu to proclaim his uncle, Tun Zainal Abidin as Sultan of Trengganu with title Sultan Zainal Abidin.<br /><br />The news and popularity of the five Bugis Princes that successfully helping Sultan Sulaiman to regain the Johore throne has spread around the region. Soon after that two of the Bugis prince namely, Opu Daing Menambon and Opu Daeng Kemasi have left Riau to Mempawah and Sambas in Kalimantan to be the ruler in that respective countries. In 1723 the Sultan of Kedah have wrote to seek help from Opu Daeng Parani, the eldest of the Bugis Princes to regain the throne of Kedah kingdom that have taken from him by his younger brother. With the of help of Opu Daeng Parani together with his brothers, the Yang Dipertuan Muda Daeng Merewah and Opu Daeng Celak, the Sultan of Kedah managed to regain back his throne.<br /><br />The capability of Johore – Riau military strength have managed the kingdom to defend their territory from any attack of foreign county. After few years, the Johore – Riau kingdom which was base at Riau became prosperous and known as one of the popular business port in the region. In the tradition of the Johore – Riau kingdom, the Yang Dipertuan Muda held greater responsibilities from military and foreign affairs to domestic, economy, social and religious affair. After the death of the Yang Dipertuan Muda Daeng Merewah, Sultan Sulaiman proclaim the Yang Dipertuan Muda younger brother, Opu Daeng Celak to became the next Yang Dipertuan Muda and also held the title of Sultan Alauddin Shah. Yang Dipertuan Muda Daeng Celak(Daeng ruled Johore – Riau kingdom for seventeen years, his elder son, Raja Lumu became the first Sultan of Selangor in 1766 with the title of Sultan Salehuddin Shah, while his other son Raja Haji later became the following Yang Dipertuan Muda in the Johore – Riau kingdom in 1777.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">2. Bugis in Modern Johor Sultanate</span><br /><br />Daeng Rongge is the descendant of the 1st bugis prince to settle in Riau, Daeng Perani. He married a Malay princes. He was properly known as Tun Ibrahim , born in the island of Bulan , in the Riau archipelago in 1811. He was taken to Singapore at the age of 8 where he become familiarize with European custom. In 1825, his father Temenggong Abd al Rahman died and his eldest brother Abdullah became chief. Abdullah suffered periodic insanity and was never installed as Temenggong, Ibrahim acted as chief from 1833-1834. In 1841, Ibrahim was formally installed as Temenggong. His son Abu Bakar succeeded him as Temenggong when he died in 1862. Temenggong Abu Bakar later become 1st sultan of modern Johor sultanate, the sultanate continued until today.<br /><br />Temenggong Tun Daeng Ibrahim or Daeng Rongge, a descendant of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV by his non-royal son Tun Abbas. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">3. Bugis in Selangor</span><br /><br />Selangor was a landed territory GIVEN to the family of Daeng Chelak in late 1700. Given by the people residing in this area with the consent of the Johore, Perak and Kedah sultanate.<br /><br />The Sultans of Selangor are descended from a Bugis dynasty that claim descent from the rulers of Luwu in the southern part of Celebes (today known as Sulawesi). Nobles from this bloodline were involved in the dispute over the Johor-Riau Sultanate in the early 18th century, eventually placing their full support in the cause of Sultan Abdul Jalil of the Bendahara dynasty against the claimant to the Malaccan lineage, Raja Kechil. For this reason, the Bendahara rulers of Johor-Riau established close relations with the Bugis nobles, providing them with titles and control over many areas within the empire, including Selangor. Daeng Chelak's prince, Raja Lumu arrived in Selangor and founded a new government at Kuala Selangor in 1766. He was installed by the Sultan of Perak as Sultan Salehuddin Shah and became the first Sultan of Selangor.<br /><br />The 5 Daeng warriors who had contributed military power behind the throne of Johor Sultanate and powerful influence on the state of Kedah and Perak during the period 1722-1760 <br /><br />1. Daeng Kemasi - ruler of Sambas<br />2. Daeng Menambun -went to Kalimantan and become sultan of Mempawah and Matan sultanate.<br />3. Daeng Chelak(?-1745) - whose son formed the sovereign state of Selangor<br />4. Daeng Merewar(?-1728) - first Yam Tuan Muda (crown prince);<br />5. Daeng Perani(1697-1726)- personally involved in the politics of the Johor Sultanate in the early 18th century. Some said his name should be Daeng Paroni.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daeng KEMASI ibni Daeng Rilaga</span><br /><br />Sultan Umar Akamuddin 1 did write a letter requested Daeng Opu Manambunm,Opu Daeng Perani,Opu Daeng Macelak,Opu Daeng Marewa and Opu Daeng Kemasi to visit the Sambas sultanate. But only Opu daeng Daeng Manambun and Opu Daeng Kemasi come to Sambas. When they arrive at Sambas,<br />Sultan Umar Akamuddin 1 bin Muhammad Tajuddin (1708-1732) announced his desire to match his sister Raden Tengah with Opu Daeng Kemasi. Opu daeng Kemasi was given a title as Pangeran Mangkubumi. Some said Daeng Kemasi was the ruler of Sambas, but his name was not in the list,may be he had changed his name.... <br /><br />Note: Radin Maliau was the third Sultan, Sultan Omar Aqamaddin I. He continued with his predecessors’ work to spread Islam. He was known as Sultan Adil (the Just Sultan). He died in 1732.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daeng Menambun ibni Daeng Rilaga(1737-1761)</span><br /><br />Daeng Menambun become Sultan Mempawah dan Matan.Mempawah is a coastal state just north of Kapuas outlet. Historical state located in Kalimantan Barat (Western Borneo) north of Pontianak. Said to have been established in 1340. Under tutelage of the Dutch East Indies; in 1945/1949 absorbed by the Republic of Indonesia. The territory of the former Sultanate of Mempawah presently is divided among Kabupaten Pontianak (the west) and Kabupaten Landak (the east).<br />Daeng Menambun married with Putri Kesumba, the daughter of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin,of Mempawah sultanate. Another Bugis, Daeng Pamase married into rayal house of Sambas.<br /><br />Matan<br /><br />1837 Matan state founded.<br /><br />Rulers (title Panembahan)<br />1837 - 1845 Anom Kusuma Negara<br />1845 - 1908 Muhammad Cabaran<br />1908 - 19.. Gusti Mas Saunan <br /><br />Mampawa<br /><br />Ruler (title Panembahan)<br />1795 - 1822 Anom Kusuma Negara<br /> (from 1808, Nata Kusuma)<br />Sultan<br />1822 Muhammad Zainul Abidin Nata Kusuma<br />Rulers (title Panembahan)<br />1822 - 1826 Muhammad Zainul Abidin Nata Kusuma<br />1826 - 1828 Vacant<br />1828 - 1853 Umar Kamaruddin Nata Kerama<br />1853 - 1854 Mukmin Jaya Kusuma bin Umar <br /> Kamaruddin Nata Kerama<br />1854 - 1860 Mahmud Akamaddin bin Umar <br /> Kamaruddin Nata Kerama<br />1860 - 1863 Usman Shafiuddin Nata Jaya Kusuma <br /> bin Mukmin Jaya Kusuma<br />1863 - 1892 Ibrahim Muhammad Shafiuddin bin <br /> Mahmud Akamaddin<br />1892 - 1904? Muhammad Taufik Akamaddin<br />19.. - 12 Aug 2002 Jimmy Mochamad Ibrahim bin Taufik<br /> Akamaddin (b. 1932 - d. 2005)<br />2002 - Mardan Adijaya Kesuma Ibrahim <br /><br /><br />Opu Daeng Manambon Grave(Makam Opu Daeng Menambun)<br /><br />The founder of Mempawah Empire Grave is located to hill, Suap village, Mempawah Hilir district, Kabupaten Pontianak - Kalimantan Barat. There is also Habib Husein Grave (the first Islam spreader in Mempawah), which located in Sejegi village, Mempawah Hilir district.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daeng Parani/Daeng Paroni</span><br /><br />Daeng Parani was the eldest among five sons of Daing Rilaka and Upu Tenribong; this four other brothers being Daeng Menambun, Daeng Marewah, Daeng Chelak and Daeng Kemasi. As a youth, Daing Parani was said to have hooked up with a concubine of the Raja of Bone, during which he killed a Macassar prince and hence forcing his entire family to resettle in Riau.<br /><br />Daeng Parani agreed to assist a Minangkabau prince, Raja Kechil, in overthrowing Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, the Bendahara (viceroy) who had taken power after the death of Sultan Mahmud Shah II without an official heir. Kechil claimed to be Mahmud's posthumous son. In 1717, however, Kechil attacked Riau without Daeng Parani, and claimed the throne. Abdul Jalil IV's son, Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, then sought the help of Daeng Parani and his Bugis warriors. They joined with Sulaiman and defeated Kechil in 1722. Sulaiman installed Daeng Parani's brother, Daeng Merewah, as Yam Tuan Muda (crown prince); under this arrangement, the Bugis were the actual power behind the throne of Johor.<br /><br />Daeng Parani invaded Kedah with the combined force from Riau and Selangor, he was involved with the civil war of Kedah, supporting the ruler. The rival seek the help of Raja Kechil from Siak, who he had fight in Johor. He was killed about 1726 in Kedah, but the Bugis won the war.<br />Perani also married into the Kedah royal house. He died in Pinang Tunggal in 1724 while participating in a civil war between 2 claimants to the throne of Kedah, Johor’s vassal.<br />Two years ago, Kedahans of Kampung (Village) Ekor Lubuk in Sidam Kiri, Alor Star, found his grave in their midst.<br /><br />His descendants through Tun Abdul Jamal (a maternal grandson of Daeng Parani), son of Bendahara Tun Abbas, gradually became the rulers of Johor during the 19th century. Daing Parani married Tengku Tengah, a daughter of Sultan Abdul Jalil IV. Another parternal descendant was Daeng Kamboja.<br /><br />Following Raja Lumu, two other Bugis Chiefs settled in the Selangor area: Raja Tua in Klang and Daeng Kemboja in Linggi, south of Lukut. Daeng Kemboja,the son of Daeng Parani later succeed his uncle Daeng Chelak as 3rd Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. Daeng Kemboja, with his base at Linggi, invaded Malacca in 1756, but 1757 help arrived from Batavia , Bugis was forced to give up the siege. Dutch built a fort on the Linggi River and named it Philippe(today's Kota Linggi) after the daughter of Dutch Governor of Batavia, Jacob Mussel.<br /><br />Daeng KAMBODJA bin Daeng Parani 1745/1777, born 1697, married 1stly, Raja Fatimah binti Daeng Merewah , married 2ndly, Daeng Uteh, married 3rdly, "Perempuan dari Riau", and had issue. He died 30th June 1777.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daeng Chelak(?-1745)</span><br /><br />Daeng Chelak(?-1745) was the Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau(II), his full name was Daeng CHELAK ibni Daeng Rilaga. <br /><br />He was the father of Raja Lumu. Raja Lumu (Sultan Sallehuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Daeng Chelak; 1705-1778) was the first Sultan of Selangor. The bloodline of Daeng Chelak however was terminated after the 3rd Sultan. Raja Lumu originally met with opposition from the Sultans of Perak and Johor, as well as from the Dutch, but eventually managed to consolidate his position as sovereign. By 1770, his legitimacy was strengthened by marriage to the niece of the Sultan of Perak.<br /><br />His another son was Raja HAJI bin al-Marhum Daeng Cellak, with the title Tok Klana, famous warrior prince,who was fear by Dutch. He was the 4th Yam Tuan Muda after Daeng Kemboja died in 1777 while fighting the Dutch in the battle. Raja Haji was in Kalimantan, he came back and become the next Yam Tuan Muda. Raja Haji died in 1784 while fighting Dutch in Malacca(Note: some record show Raja HAJI Fasibillah bin Daeng Cellak was the 4th Yam Tuan Muda, are they the same one? or which is the correct one?)<br /><br />He was the grandfather to Bugi scholar, Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Haji Ahmad (1808–1872) was a 19th-century Buginese–Malay historian, poet and scholar, who author the famous historical book, Tuhfat al-Nafis (The Precious Gift). He was the son of Raja Ahmad, who was titled Engku Haji Tua after accomplishing the pilgrimage to Mecca. He was the grandson of Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah (the brother of Raja Lumu, the first Sultan of Selangor).<br /><br />Raja Haji Ali bin Raja Ahmad, born 1809, married (a), Raja Safiah binti al-Marhum Raja Ja'afar, married (b), Daeng Chahaya binti Daeng Manaroh, married (c), Che' Sulong, married (d), Tengku Nai binti Tun Sabtir, and had issue. He died 1872. <br /><br />Following Raja Lumu, two other Bugis Chiefs settled in the Selangor area: Raja Tua in Klang and Daeng Kemboja in Linggi, south of Lukut. Daeng Kemboja,the son of Daeng Parani later succeed his uncle Daeng Chelak as 3rd Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. <br /><br /># Upu Daeng CELLAK bin Daeng Rilaga 1728/1745, married (amongst others) (a), 1712, Tengku Mandak binti al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Djalil Shah Riayat Shah of Johore, married (b), Daeng Maasik binti Arong Palai, and had issue. He died 1745.<br /><br /> * Raja HAJI bin al-Marhum Daeng Cellak (by Daeng Maasik) (qv)<br /> * HH Sultan SALEHUDDIN SHAH ibni al-Marhum Daeng Cellak [Raja Lumu] (by Daeng Maasik), 1st Sultan of Selangor.<br /> * Tengku Putih binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak (by Tengku Mandak), married HH Sultan ABDUL DJALIL V MUAZZAM SHAH ibni al-Marhum Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johore, and had issue.<br /> * Tengku Hitam binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak (by Tengku Mandak), married Syed Husain bin Syed Sheikh Yahya, and had issue.<br /> * Raja Bulang binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak, married 1739, Sultan MANSUR SHAH I of Terengganu, and had issue.<br /> * Raja Halimah binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak [Tengku Chik] (by Daeng Maasik), married the Raja of Jambi.<br /> * Raja Hafsah Aminah binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak, married Daeng Lakani [Arung Lenga], a Bugis Prince, and had issue.<br /> o Raja Sulaiman bin Daeng Lakani [Engku Dalam], married Raja Buntit binti al-Marhum Raja Haji<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daeng Merewah</span><br /><br />Daeng Merewah, the first Yam Tuan Muda invaded Perak in 1728, but was not successful. He was killed /died in 1728. His successor Daeng Chelak , the 2nd Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, attacked again in 1743, and captured Perak.<br /><br />Daeng MEREWAH bin Daeng Rilaga(1721/1728), married Encik Chik Ayu binti Daeng Abdul Jamal of Riau-Johore, and had issue. He died 7th August 1728.<br /><br /> * Raja Fatimah binti Daeng Merewah, married Daeng KAMBODJA bin al-Marhum Daeng Parani (see below)<br /> * Upu Lamampak Kelana Cik Unok binti Daeng Merewah, married Raja Lumu bin Daeng Cellak (later HH Sultan SALEHUDDIN SHAH ibni al-Marhum Daeng Cellak, 1st Sultan of Selangor).<br /> * Raja Sa'ad bin Daeng Merewah, married and had issue.<br /> o Raja Ismail bin Raja Sa'ad, married Raja Aishah binti Daeng Kambodja (see below).<br /> o Raja Tipah binti Raja Sa'ad<br />(ref: http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/states/indonesia/riau.html)<br />It was reported in the forum, families can be found in Singapore and Malacca.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Sultans of Selangor</span><br /><br />1. Sultan Salahuddin Shah (Raja Lumu Ibni Daeng Chelak; 1745-1778)<br />2. Sultan Ibrahim Shah (Raja Ibrahim; 1778-1826)<br />3. Sultan Muhammad Shah (Raja Muhammad; 1826-1857) <br />4. Sultan Sir Abdul Samad (Raja Abdul Samad; 1857-1896)<br />5. Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah (Tengku Sulaiman Shah; 1896-1937)<br />6. Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj (Tengku Alam Shah; 1937-1942, 1945-1960)<br />7. Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah (Tengku Musaeddin; during Japanese occupation 1942-1945)<br />8. Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj (Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah; 1960-2001)<br />9. Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Al-Haj (Tengku Idris Shah; 2001-current)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">4. Bugis in Pahang</span><br /><br />After the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Siam, and then by Sultanate of Malacca. Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, and Aceh for most of the 16th century. During this time, its population was mostly killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered and its economy ruined. After the decline of Aceh in the mid-17th century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, and gradually recovered a great degree of autonomy.<br /><br />Following the elevation Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, the bendahara was granted Pahang as their personal fief. From thereon afterwards the Bendahara of Johor is known as the Bendahara in Pahang. They are also known as "Raja Bendahara" for their status as the rulers of the vassal state of Pahang. Pahang was the vassal of Johore Sultanate.Tun Abdul Majid was the first Raja Bendahara in Pahang(1777-1802).<br /><br />From 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara Tun Ali(1806-1847), Tun Mutahir and Wan Ahmad. Tun Mutahir was the last Raja Bendahara. The war ended when Wan Ahmad proclaimed as the new sultan in 1887, but his role from that point onward was largely ceremonial, as the British forced him to sign a treaty bringing the country under control of a British Resident.<br /><br />Wan Ahmad was the son of Tun Ali, descendant of Tun Abbas, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore and Pahang,who was the non-royal son of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV(source: wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Habib_Abdul_Majid) <br /><br />Tun Razak(2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia 1970-1976), Dato Sri Najib Razak(6th Prime Minister of Malaysia) are descendant of Bugis in Pahang. They are father and son. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">5. Bugis in Kedah</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">6. Bugis in Trengganu</span><br /><br />Sultan Zainal Abidin I, the 5th and youngest son of Bendahara Tun Habib<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">7. Bugis in Singapore</span><br /><br />The Bugis came from the Celebes Islands in Indonesia. They were well known for a long time as maritime traders. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Bugis were spreading out from Celebes to set up trading centres throughout the region. Often they had to sail to distant lands and fight indigenous tribes. They rarely lost and acquired a reputation as fierce warriors.<br /><br />The Dutch control of the Dutch East Indies and their blockades cut off the Bugis from their traditional spice trade routes from Celebes to Java. This forced them to migrate to other areas to continue trading. Their migration to what is today Malaysia, Singapore and Riau began around the 18th century or even earlier. At the beginning of the 19th century, the number of Bugis traders in the region increased. Their influence in Riau was strong. Among the Bugis traders were also members of the nobility like Engku Karaeng Talibak who married the daughter of Raja Ali Haji. According to Raja Ali Haji in his work, Tuhfat al-Nafis, the presence of Karaeng Talibak brought more Bugis traders to Riau.<br /><br />The establishment of a free port in Singapore allowed the Bugis to expand their network in the archipelago. Sailing from Sumatra to north Australia, the Bugis ships brought cargoes of cotton cloth, gold dust, birds-of-paradise feathers, pepper, trepang (sea slugs), sandalwood, tortoiseshell, coffee and rice to Singapore. Most of these goods were very much in demand by the Chinese merchants in Singapore. The Bugis also traded in slaves.<br /><br />James Cameron gave a description in 1865 of the various ships that would visit Singapore’s harbour. According to him, each year during October and November, the Bugis ships would come from Bali and the Celebes.<br /><br />By the 1830s, the Bugis had established themselves in Singapore and formed the majority of the pioneer communities in the Kampung Gelam area. By 1881, the Census of Population reported 2,053 Bugis in Singapore. The Bugis gradually formed kampongs and settlements in places like Kampung Bugis (around the Kallang River), Kampung Soopoo, Jalan Pelatok and Jalan Pergam.<br /><br />(source; wikipedia)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Current migration of Bugis to Sabah</span><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">8. Bugis in Sabah(Modern Malaysia)</span><br /><br />Bugis of Sabah refers the majority of Indonesian Citizens in Sabah. There are a lot of Bugis tribe residing in Sabah, mainly on the east coast and particularly around the districts of Tawau, Semporna, Kunak and Lahad Datu. Today, there are more than hundred thousands of Indonesian Citizens in Sabah especially Tawau are Bugises and the rest of are Timors and Torajas. Some of them are now become the Malaysian citizen although they have a very good relationship with their relatives in Indonesia.<br /><br />Since 1970, several groups of Indonesian Bugises are invited to Tawau in Sabah. They are Indonesian Contract Workers for British Rubber and Abaka ( BAL ) Plantation at Table Estates, Imam Estate, Tiger Estate, Burut Estate and Merotai Estate. At that time, all of them decided to work in Sabah temporarily. But soon, they changed their plan and keep staying in Malaysia until they become an Malaysian Citizen. Lived with Tawau Malay ( natives ) people, they learn to speak Tawau Malay language and slang(loghat). This is the way how they try to be part of society of Malay People in Tawau. This Indonesian's Bugises community lived in plantation estates until now and their number is not a big enough.<br /><br />But the big history of the existence of Indonesian Bugises in Sabah was after 1980. It was the time when Sabah was become developing country. Because of the economic problem in South Sulawesi, there are a lot of Bugises Indonesia, came from Sulawesi to find jobs in Sabah especially at Tawau as construction workers, plantation workers, transportation workers and market saler. And now there are more than 500,000 of them around Sabah and their numbers is cannot be controlled. However, the biggest problem are there was also a very large number of non-registered and illegal Bugises immigrants comes from South Sulawesi Indonesia.<br /><br />For now, the huge number of the legal and illegal Bugises Indonesian immigrants in Sabah especially Tawau is the very main problem that cannot be settled. Some of them are tried to get the citizenship with any way or any cost. They afford to use the wrong information or false document for apply the citizenship of Malaysia or Mycard. Many of these immigrants are caught by the police officers for this activities. In case, many Indonesian people have arrested because of having not original My Card or Passport's document.<br /><br />The expansion of the Bugis influence to Sabah began in the 20th century when members of the tribe migrated from Sulawesi to Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Some Bugises men left their origin's place forever, came to Tawau and make a new family by married with the natives people such as Suluk girl or Tidong girl. For example, Daing Mapata married the Tidong girl and Daing Kerahu married the Suluk girl. They live with their new family in Tawau. Live with Suluk or Tidong culture, they are become a Tawau Malay people. Their son, Ahmad ( Linat ) Mapata and Zainal Kerahu assumed that they are Tidong or Suluk man according to their family ( mother's family or grandfather's family ) in Tawau. They became two of many leader for all Malay people ( including Local Malaysian Suluk, Tidung, Arab, Jawa, Iban, Cocos etc ) in Tawau.<br /><br />However, only in 1980 did some move to Tawau, where they settled at Ranggu, which was founded by the chief village K.K. Salim's grandmother of Sungai Imam village, Bombalai. The settlers were traders, and later others came as workers on plantations established by the British. Later, Petta Senong, who was a member of the Bone royalty, resided in the same village. He was sent by the Sulu government to stop the piracy around the Sulu Sea. The Bugis continued to explore new places to develop Tawau town; among the Bugis settlers were Puang Ado, Wak Neke (Jawa), Wak Gempe (Jawa) and Haji Osman (Suluk).<br /><br />(source: wikipedia)<br /><br />Setelah Bugis berjaya menawan Riau, Raja Sulaiman kemudiannya pulang ke Pahang, manakala raja Bugis pula pergi ke Selangor untuk mengumpulkan bala tentera dan senjata untuk terus menyerang Raja Kechil. Semasa peninggalan tersebut, Raja Kechil telah menawan semula Riau semasa raja Bugis masih berada di Selangor.<br /><br />Setelah mendapat tahu Riau telah ditawan oleh Raja Kechil, Bugis terus kembali dengan 30 buah kapal perang untuk menebus semula Riau, semasa dalam perjalanan menuju ke Riau, mereka telah menawan Linggi (sebuah daerah di Negeri Sembilan) yang dikuasai oleh Raja Kechil. Setelah Raja Kechil mendapat tahu akan penawanan itu, baginda telah datang ke Linggi untuk menyerang balas.<br /><br />Pehak Bugis telah berpecah dimana 20 buah dari kapal perangnya meneruskan perjalanan menuju ke Riau dan diketuai oleh 3 orang dari mereka. Raja Sulaiman telah datang dari Pahang dan turut serta memberi bantuan untuk menawan semula Riau. Dalam peperangan ini mereka telah berjaya menawan kembali Riau dimana kemudiannya Raja Sulaiman dan Bugis telah mendirikan kerajaan bersama.<br /><br />Setelah mengetahui penawanan Riau tersebut, Raja Kechil kembali ke Siak kerana baginda juga telah gagal menawan semula Linggi dari tangan Bugis. Hingga kini Linggi telah didiami turun-temurun oleh keturunan Bugis dan bukan daerah Minangkabau.<br /><br />Pada tahun 1729, Bugis sekali lagi menyerang Raja Kechil di Siak dimasa Raja Kechil ingin memindahkan alat kebesaran DiRaja Johor (Sebuah Meriam) ke Siak. Setelah mengambil semula kebesaran DiRaja tersebut, Raja Sulaiman kemudiannya ditabalkan sebagai Sultan Johor dengan membawa gelaran Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah yang memerintah Johor, Pahang, Riau, and Linggi.<br /><br />Sultan Sulaiman telah melantik <span style="font-style:italic;">Daeng Marewah</span> sebagai Yamtuan Muda Riau. Kemudian adik perempuannya Tengku Tengah pula dikahwinkan dengan Daeng Parani yang mana telah mangkat di Kedah semasa menyerang Raja Kechil disana. Seorang lagi adik Sultan Sulaiman Tengku Mandak dikahwinkan dengan Daeng Chelak(1722-1760) yang dilantik sebagai Yamtuan Muda II Riau 1730an. Kemudian anak Daeng Parani, Daeng Kemboja dilantik menjadi Yamtuan Muda III Riau (yang juga memerintah Linggi di Negeri Sembilan).<br /><br />Anak Daeng Chelak, Raja Haji dilantik sebagai Yamtuan Muda IV Riau dimana baginda telah hampir dapat menawan Melaka dari tangan Belanda dalam tahun 1784 tetapi akhirnya baginda mangkat setelah ditembak dengan peluru Lela oleh Belanda di Telok Ketapang, Melaka. Baginda telah dikenali sebagai Al-Marhum Telok Ketapang.<br /><br />Dalam tahun 1730an, seorang Bugis bernama Daeng Mateko yang berbaik dengan Raja Siak mengacau ketenteraman Selangor.<br /><br />Ini menjadikan Daeng Chelak datang ke Kuala Selangor dengan angkatan perang dari Riau. Daeng Mateko dapat dikalahkan kemudiannya beliau lari ke Siak. Dari semenjak itulah daeng Chelak sentiasa berulang-alik dari Riau ke Kuala Selangor. Lalu berkahwin dengan Daeng Masik Arang Pala kemudian dibawa ke Riau.<br /><br />Ketika Daeng Chelak berada di Kuala Selangor penduduk Kuala Selangor memohon kepada beliau supaya terus menetap di situ sahaja. Walau bagaimana pun Daeng Chelak telah menamakan salah seorang daripada puteranya iaitu Raja Lumu datang ke Kuala Selangor. Waktu inilah datang rombongan anak buahnya dari Riau memanggil Daeng Chelak pulang ke Riau dan mangkat dalam tahun 1745. <br /><br />Daeng CHELAK ibni Daeng Rilaga<br /><br />DIED : 1745<br />FATHER : Upu Tendriburang Daeng RILAGA<br />PARTNER : Tengku Mandak binti al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Djalil Riayat Shah<br /><br />1. HH Sultan SALEHUDDIN Shah ibni al-Marhum Daeng Cellak [ - 1785]<br />2. Tengku Putih binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak<br />3. Tengku Hitam binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak<br />4. Raja HAJI ibni al-Marhum Daeng Cellak [ - 1784]<br />5. Tengku Bulang binti al-Marhum Daeng Cellak<br /><br />Raja Ahmad al Linggi mempunyai salasilah Bugis dari perkahwinan antara anak perempuan Daeng Chelak iaitu Tengku Putih dengan Raja Johor Riau yang ketiga iaitu Sultan Abd Jalil ke V yang merupakan ayahanda kepada Raja Ahmad al Linggi.<br /><br />Manakala isteri kepada Daeng Chelak iaitu Tengku Mandak memang merupakan seorang puteri dari kesultanan Johor Riau iaitu anak kepada Sultan Abd Jalil Riayat Shah.(Paduka Sri Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil IV Ri’ayat Shah bin Dato Bendahara Tun Abdul Majid (Tahun 1699 – 1721))<br /><br />Perkahwinan antara ayahanda Raja Ahmad iaitu Sultan Abdul Jalil ke V dengan Tengku Puteh Daeng Chelak ini merupakan satu pertautan kembali hubungkait mereka dengan keturunan Bendahara Tun Abdul Majid. I ni kerana Tengku Puteh Daeng Chelak merupakan cucu kepada Sultan Abd Jalil IV Riayat Shah bin Tun Habib Abdul Majid.<br /><br />Percaturan yang menyaksikan bahwa Raja Ahmad al Linggi mempunyai darah keturunan bangsawan Bugis, Melayu dan Arab. <br /><br />Raja Ahmad turut mempunyai salasilah dari keturunan Raja Bugis iaitu dari DAENG CHELAK melalui anaknya yang menjadi Yam Tuan Muda Riau ke II iaitu Raja Haji yang mati syahid melawan Belanda dan digelar Marhum Syahid Ketapang.<br /><br />(draft - to be updated/translated......)<br /><br />Related articles<br /><br />1. Warrior Princes of Sulawesi, http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/dutch3.htm<br />2. Madmud, Sultan of Riao & Lingga(1823-1864), by V Mathson<br />3. Raja Haji Ali, http://www.rajaalihaji.com/en/( A tribute website to Raja Haji Ali)<br />4. Hikayat Upu Daeng Menambun(1980), by Rogayah A. Hamid, published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), (in Malay)<br />5. Daeng Parani, by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeng_Parani<br />6. Kota Mempawah, http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Mempawah(in Bahasa Indonesia)<br />7. The first two sultanates in Pontianak(1998)<br />8. Keturunan Daeng Paroni Gembira Dengan Pengesahan Kubur Pahlawan(2007), Bernama dated 24-6-2007, http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news_lite.php?id=269307Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-47630173768250294262010-02-01T03:30:00.000-08:002010-02-01T22:25:10.095-08:00Johor Empire & its royaltiesThe Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practiced in Malacca. The highest authority lay in the hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the Sultan. The Sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (literally mean Council of Rich Men in Malay language, but actually was House of Lords or Ministers ) which was tasked with advising the Sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja. During the 18th century, the Bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed the administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor.<br /><br />The Johor Empire is decentralized. It is made of four main fiefs and the Sultan's territory. The fiefs are: <br /><br />1. Muar and its territories under the Raja Temenggung of Muar; <br />2. Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendehara; <br />3. Riau under the control of Yam Tuan Muda and <br />4. Mainland Johor and Singapore under the Temenggung. <br /><br />The rest of the Empire belongs to the Sultan. The Sultan resides in Lingga. All the Orang Kayas(literally means rich man in Malay, but is similar to Lords or Ministers) except Raja Temenggung Muar reports directly to the Sultan ; Raja Temenggung Muar is a sovereign and is recognised by the Sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Ministers</span><br /><br />1. Bendahara - A bendahara was appointed by a sultan and was a hereditary post. It was the office that is held by bendahara family. The bendahara and the Sultan shared the same lineage. Bendahara is the head of the nobility, the status confers certain responsibility. The bendehara is the backbone of the Malay Sultanate. Minister of Adat or Prime Minister, but unlike the modern Prime Minister which have strong political power over Sultan; in ancient time the Sultan had the ultimate authority, Bendahara is only the highest official under Sultan.<br />2. Temenggong - chief of public security. The Temenggung is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch as well as the state police and army. The office was usually a stepping stone to the higher title of Bendahara, or Grand vizier. He watch over peace and harmony in the state as well as to supervise the smooth flow of commerce in the country. With the presence of the Orang Laut as the prime source of manpower to safeguard the waters of Strait of Malacca so as to encourage trade. Deputy Prime Minister cum Trade & Security Minister<br />3. Laksamana - a military position within the arm forces, mainly navy for port state, similar to the position of admiral. The office of the Laksamana was established during the reign of Sultan Mansor Shah (1456-1477). It was originally 'designated' by the Emperor of Majapahit, and later formalized by Sultan Mansor Shah. The first person to hold the office was Hang Tuah. It was placed on a par at court with that of the Sen Bija Diraja since the holders of both offices took turns to bear the Sword of State. Therefore, the duties and jurisdiction of the Laksamana were similar those of the Seri Bija Diraja. However, as the position of the Laksamana became more firmly established and more influential in Malacca, the status of the Sen Bija Diraja gradually declined. <br />4. Shahbandar - equivalent to harbour master<br />5. Penghulu Bendahari - Collector of revenue, equivalent to Finance Minister<br />6. Seri Bija Diraja - chief of all the armed forces at sea and on land(Defense Minister).<br /><br />The system of the Four Great Lords: The 'Big Four' were without doubt the Bendahara, the Penghulu Bendahari, the Temenggung and the Laksamana. Those who held these offices must be indigenous and were appointed in a regular manner based on the traditions and customs or were appointed amongst new leaders who had performed meritorious service for the ruler. Heriditary appointment was dealt with within the family, especially with regard to the most important offices which had been inherited down the ages, such as those of the Bendahara, Penghulu Bendahari and Perdana Menteri.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Johor Empire/Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate</span><br /><br />The Johore Sultanate historically divided into 3 periods;<br /><br />1. Malacca-Johore Dynasty - Jambi Malay<br />2. Bendahara Dynasty - Bugis<br />3. Temenggong Dynasty(Modern Johore)- Bugis<br /><br />The Bendahara dynasty of Johor lend its name from its founding ruler, Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV who served as a Bendahara prior to his ascension as the Sultan of the Johor-Riau empire.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">House of Bendahara</span><br /><br />House of Bendahara, established by Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV which ruled Johor from 1699 until 1812 (albeit an interregnum between 1718 to 1722). In 1812, the death of Sultan Mahmud Shah III sparked a succession crisis between Tengku Abdul Rahman and his younger brother Tengku Hussein. The British, who came to the region in 1819 saw a royal house rivaled by succession dispute and took to task of recognising Sultan Hussein Shah as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore, while giving Tengku Abdul Rahman the title "Ruler of Singapore. The royal regalia was given to the Lingga-based Tengku Abdul Rahman who was supported by the Bugis nobles and Bendahara Ali of Pahang. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 had the effect of splitting the royal household into two factions:<br /><br />1. House of Bendahara (Johor): Based in Johor, this branch was headed by Sultan Hussein Shah until his death in 1824, although the Temenggong wielded more actual authority than the Sultan, largely because of a lack of legitimate recognition among the Malay nobles. Hussein Shah's successor, Ali, while he managed to get hold of the royal seal to claim legitimacy to his rule,House of Riau-Lingga: This branch was based in Lingga and headed by Sultan Abdul Rahman, who was supported by the Bugis nobles. He later died in 1832 and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Shah and subsequently his grandson, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah in 1841. Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah was deposed in 1857 by the Dutch,which was also supported by the Bugis nobles. In his later years, he began to claim recognition as the legitimate ruler of the Johor-Riau empire. This royal house lasted until 3 February 1911, when the Dutch assumed full control over Riau and Lingga was quickly overshadowed by the more powerful Temenggong. Under British pressure, he was forced to cede soveriginity rights over Johor (except Muar) to Temenggong Daing Ibrahim in 1855. Sultan Ali died in 1877.<br /><br />2.House of Riau-Lingga: This branch was based in Lingga and headed by Sultan Abdul Rahman, who was supported by the Bugis nobles. He later died in 1832 and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Shah and subsequently his grandson, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah in 1841. Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah was deposed in 1857 by the Dutch, which was also supported by the Bugis nobles.In his later years, he began to claim recognition as the legitimate ruler of the Johor-Riau empire. This royal house lasted until 3 February 1911, when the Dutch assumed full control over Riau and Lingga <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Bendahara</span><br /><br /> * Tun Khoja, Bendahara Paduka Raja, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Biajid, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Mahmud, Bendahara Tun Narawangsa, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Isap Misai, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Sri Lanang, Bendahara Paduka Raja, Bendahara of Johore. He was captured by the Achenese forces and opted to remain in Acheh.<br /><br />The following Bendaharas were sidelined by the palace following the rise of Laksamana Paduka Tuan<br /><br /> * Tun Anum, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Mat Ali, Bendahara Paduka Tuan, Bendahara of Johore<br /> * Tun Rantau, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore. He was captured by the Jambi forces.<br /><br /> * Tun Habib Abdul Majid(1637-1697), 19th Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara Padang Saujana, restored back the position of the bendahara in the palace.<br /><br /> * Tun Abdul Jalil, 20th Bendahara Paduka Raja, was elevated to the Sultan of Johore, Sultan Abdul Jalil IV following the death of Sultan Mahmud II. The Temenggung branch of his dynasty still rules the Malaysian state of Johore today. He was the son of Tun Habib Abdul Majid.<br /><br /> * Tun Abbas, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Bendahara of Johore and Pahang. He was the non-royal son of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">House of Bendahara (Pahang)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">House of Bendahara (Pahang):</span> <br /><br />Following the elevation Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, the bendahara was granted Pahang as their personal fief. From thereon afterwards the Bendahara of Johor is known as the Bendahara in Pahang. They are also known as "Raja Bendahara" for their status as the rulers of the vassal state of Pahang. Pahang was the vassal of Johore Sultanate.<br />Bendahara in Pahang<br /><br /> * Tun Abdul Majid, Raja Bendahara Pahang I (1777-1802)<br /> * Tun Muhammad, Raja Bendahara Pahang II<br /> * Tun Koris, Bendahara Paduka Raja, Raja Bendahara Pahang III (1803-1806)<br /> * Tun Ali, Bendahara Siwa Raja, Raja Bendahara Pahang IV (1806-1847)<br /> * Tun Mutahir, Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Raja Bendahara Pahang V (1847-1863). He is the last reigning Raja Bendahara of Pahang. He was ousted by his brother Wan Ahmad who was later proclaimed as Sultan of Pahang after the dismemberment of the Johore Empire.<br /><br />Tun Muhammad Tahir, better known as Tun Mutahir(1803-1863) was (Bendahara Seri Maharaja, Raja Bendahara Pahang V (1847-1863)) the last Bendahara of the Old Johor Sultanate. His father is Tun Ali, Bendahara Siwa Raja and his mother was Che Wan Ngah of the Bendahara family. He ruled the vassal state of Pahang until his death in 1863 following the Pahang Civil War. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Pahang Civil War</span><br /><br />The war was between him and his brother Tun Ahmad, Tun Ahmad was the son born from Tun Ali's marriage with Chik Puan Lingga in 1832. Tun Ali entered into a semi-retirement in 1847 and handed the reins to Tun Mutahir. Tun Mutahir followed the policy of Bendahara Ali and not much is written about his reign. In 1857 Bendahara Ali signed a proclamation indicating that Tun Ahmad be put to death due to his misconduct. Bendahara Ali wanted Tun Ahmad and his accomplice be put to death.Tun Ahmad immedietely fled to Singapore and returned to Pahang at the time of the death of Tun Ali. <br /><br />Conflict broke between both parties which resulted in a civil war which engulfed Pahang. This conflict not only involved the Pahang princes but also involved Temenggung of Johore, the Terengganu Sultan as well as the British playing a political role. The war is the most decisive in the history of the Old Johore Sultanate. The conflict ended when Tun Mutahir was mortally wounded in 1863, and passed away. Tun Mutahir was buried in Bukit Timbalan, Johor Bahru, Johor. <br /><br />Tun Ahmad was proclaimed as Sultan Ahmad I in 1882 and founded the modern Pahang Sultanate which sealed the breakup of the Johor Sultanate. The Temenggung of Johor (Maharaja 1868–1885) was given recognition by the British and proclaimed the Sultan of Johor three years later.<br /><br />The current Sultan of Pahang traces his lineage to Sultan Wan Ahmad of Pahang, a descendant of Tun Abbas,a son of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV. (At one point of time another royal lineage that was related to the Malacca royal family (descended from Parameswara) also ruled Pahang, but later died out<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">House of Temenggong (Johor)</span><br /><br />In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggung of Muar held a fief (centered in Segamat) for approximately 2 centuries and the Temenggung of Johor was of the head of fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggung was Temenggung Seri Maharaja. Although the Temenggung was the head of the fief's administration, the Temenggung held the kingdom of Johor and Singapore by virtue of his being a vassal of the Sultan. During that time, the sultan was practically a puppet. In 1868, Temenggung Abu Bakar declared himself as a maharaja, assumed control over Muar and declared himself an independent ruler. In 1885, he assumed the title of sultan with the blessing of Britain.<br /><br />The Temenggong Dynasty commenced after the split of Johore sultanate into Pahang and Johor sultanate, Johore or Modern Johor Sultanate was ruled by Temenggong Dynasty. Riau-Lingga sultanate has already split after 1824 Treaty of Anglo-Dutch.<br /><br />House of Temenggong (Johor), established by Temenggong Tun Daeng Ibrahim, a descendant of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV by his non-royal son Tun Abbas. The present Sultan of Johor belongs to this royal house.<br /><br />Members of the Temenggong dynasty (founded by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor) is traces its descent back to Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV. The Temenggong dynasty was founded as its founding ruler, Sultan Abu Bakar was a Temenggong prior to his ascension to the throne, and many of his ancestors had served as Temenggongs before him. (Sultan Abu Bakar is descended from Tun Abbas, a son of Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Raja Temenggong of Muar</span><br />Raja Temenggung of Muar (also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar)is a noble title used to refer to the family of Dato' Pasir Raja and his descendants, which ruled the Muar fief, which was a part of the Johor Empire from the middle of the seventeenth century onwards.<br /><br />During the mid-seventeenth century, the Sultan of Johor took the hand of Marhum Bakal, the sister of Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid and Sayyid Ja'afar, the Dato' Pasir Raja. As a dowry, Dato' Pasir Raja was granted the fief of Muar. The first Raja Temenggung of Muar is Sa Akar di-Raja whose mausoleum is found Kampung Lubuk Batu, Segamat next to the mausoleum of Bendahara Tepok founder of Segamat; his descendants were similarly buried at Kampung Lubuk Batu. The 7th Raja Temenggung, Engku Abdul Salleh, was buried in Pengkalan Kota, their administrative centre<br /><br />In the early nineteenth century, the fief was divided into eight hamlets, each ruled by a chieftain with the Raja Temengung of Muar as the head of the "federation".<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The list of Raja Temenggung</span><br /> * Sa Akar Di-Raja, Raja Temenggung Muar I<br /> * Sa Amar Di-Raja, Raja Temenggung Muar II<br /> * Engku Burok, Raja Temenggung Muar III<br /> * Engku Kunit, Raja Temenggung Muar IV<br /> * Engku Said, Raja Temenggung Muar V<br /> * Engku Ismail, Raja Temenggung Muar VI<br /> * Engku Muhammad Salleh, Raja Temenggung Muar VII<br /> * Wan Abdul Rahman, Raja Temenggung Muar VIII (the last Raja Temenggung)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The end of Raja Temenggung Muar</span><br /><br />In the early nineteenth century, the fief was divided into eight hamlets, each ruled by a chieftain with the Raja Temengung of Muar as the head of the "federation". <br /><br />Muar was caught in a power grab by the Maharaja of Johor, Abu Bakar after its puppet ruler, Sultan Ali passed away. Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah ibni Hussein Muazzam Shah was the 19th Sultan of Johor, who succeeded his father, Sultan Hussein after the latter died of natural cause in 1835. Over the next twenty years, Sultan Ali's claims to the office of Sultan of Johor were only recognised by some merchants and a few Malays. Like his father, Sultan Ali's was much of a puppet monarch and played a very minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state, which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British. In 1855, Sultan Ali ceded the sovereignty rights of Johor (except Muar) to Temenggong Daing Ibrahim in 1855, in exchange for a formal recognition as the "Sultan of Johor" by the British and a monthly allowance. Following the secession of Johor, Sultan Ali was granted administrative charge over Muar until his death in 1877, and in most administrative matters, was often styled as the "Sultan of Muar"<br /><br />When the Sultan passed away in 1877, he nominated Tengku Mahmud to inherit the Kesang territory. The Sultan's decision took Tengku Alam and his supporters in Singapore to anger. Tengku Alam Shah bin Ali Iskandar Shah was a prince of the House of Bendahara (Johor), and was the oldest son of Sultan Ali, the 19th Sultan of Johor by his second wife, Daing Siti. The British on their part, refused to recognise Sultan Ali's will on his son's (Tengku Mahmud) hereditary claims to the Kesang territory. Without the British pressure, recognition of Tengku Alam was a foregone conclusion. <br /><br />Meanwhile, the chieftains and village headmen in the Kesang territory held their own elections for a new leader, and voted for the Maharaja of Johor, Abu Bakar to take charge of Muar, which the British accepted the outcome of the poll. The Acting Governor of the Straits Settlement, Edward Anson, allowed Abu Bakar to take interim control over the Kesang territory.<br /><br />Tengku Alam and his supporters were extremely unhappy with Maharaja Abu Bakar's intervention over the Kesang territory. A long time of Tengku Alam, W.H. Read helped to lobby in Tengku Alam's cause. Supporters of Tengku Alam had criticised the irregularities in the electoral process, by claiming that the Maharaja had coerced the Muar chiefs into voting for him prior to the election, and called for an election with Tengku Alam's family members as the electors. Tengku Alam's supporters argued that the 1855 secession treaty which Sultan Ali had signed with Temenggong of Johor guaranteed the hereditary rights of Sultan Ali's family members to the Kesang territory. Tengku Alam's claims were fell on deaf ears, and the British government, with the assistance of Engku Mandak, proceeded with the electoral process into 1878.<br /><br />Meanwhile, the British authorities allowed Tengku Alam to inherit the $500 monthly allowance which Sultan Ali had received from the Temenggong's family, and gave him an additional $68 monthly allowance from the British East India Company. An angry Tengku Alam was declined these allowances from the British.<br /><br />On 11 January 1879, a few hundred Bugis and Malay supporters proclaimed Tengku Alam with the title of "Sultan Alauddin 'Alam Shah, Sultan of Johor and Pahang" during his marriage ceremony. Tengku Alam's proclamation briefly generated serious concern from Maharaja Abu Bakar and the British government, who feared that Abu Bakar's political position could be a sign of a potential threat to his political position, especially after Tengku Alam had made a public declaration to challenge Abu Bakar for his claims to the Kesang territory.In October, a frustrated Tengku Alam and his supporters launched a civil war in Jementah which was quickly subdued by the British authorities.<br /><br />Jementah Civil War 1879<br />Within the same year, a brief civil war erupted in Jementah, after repeated attempts to get his claims to the Kesang territory being recognized failed. Continued claims by Tengku Alam and his supporters resulted in the outbreak of the Jementah Civil War the following year, in which the British forces (allied with the Maharaja) subdued Tengku Alam's supporters. The Muar Temenggung was subsequently paid an annual stipend by the Maharaja (Sultan after 1885) as part of a settlement treaty made on 5 February 1879 with the annexation of the Muar fiefdom. <br /><br />Tengku Alam returned to Singapore and lived out his remaining years quietly at Istana Kampong Glam, where he died in 1891. The office of the Temenggung of Muar was later abolished in 1902.<br /><br />Related articles<br /><br />1. The administration, Malacca History, http://www.malaccaguide.com/the_administration.html<br />2. Bendahara, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BendaharaBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-82638600654944556522010-02-01T00:17:00.000-08:002010-02-01T01:12:31.524-08:00The historical meaning of "Riau"<span style="font-weight:bold;">What is the meaning of Riau in history?</span><br /><br />When you talk about "Riau" in history, it can means different place at difference time. You need to make sure what you mean. From the Johor Empire era until Today. Riau is the Riau Province; Riau Islands is the Riau Island Province, there is still confusion....be specific what you mean....<br /><br />- 1677-1683.'Riau', a referent to Sultan Ibrahim's ruling Melaka-derived dynasty.<br /><br />- 1708-1716.'Riau', a referent to Sultan Abd al-Jalil's promotion from bendahara (treasurer; grand vizier) to Sultan.<br /><br />- 1719-1722.'Riau', a referent to Raja Kecil's pretensions to the throne as the alleged descendant of Sultan Abd al-Jalil's Melaka dynasty.<br /><br />- 1722-1787.'Riau', the coalition between the Bugis conquerors and the descendants.;of the bendahara dynasty.<br /><br />- 1787-1795. Riau', a Dutch colony.<br /><br />- 1795-18O4.'Riau', a territory defined by the rivalry between the Bugis and the bendahara dynasty.<br /><br />- 1804-1819.The reinstatement of the Bugis in 'Riau' resulting in a geographical division of the kingdom into Bugis 'Riau', Malay Lingga and the temenggung's (territorial minister) Bulang.<br /><br />- 1819-1824.The convergence of internal fission and external ambitions, resulting in the legal fragmentation of the sultanate and the rise of Singapore, first as a British colony, then as a nation state.<br /><br />- 1824-1911.The break-up of the sultanate, a process that had begun with the territorial division of 'Riau' and Lingga in 1804.<br /><br />- 191 l-1942.'Riau', a Dutch colony.<br /><br />- 1942-1945.'Riau', a Japanese colony.<br /><br />- 1945-1958.'Riau', a part of the province Sumatra Tengah (Central Sumatra).<br /><br />- 1958-present. 'Riau', a province in the Republic of Indonesia.<br /><br />- 2004- Now, :Riau:, a new Riau Islands Province. The Riau Islands were part of Riau Province until 2004, when they were made into a separate new province, Riau Islands Province.<br /><br />So which Riau you are talking about?.....<br /><br />Extract from "Continuity and Discontinuity in the Multiple Realities of Riau" by VIVffiNNE WEE AND CYNTHIA CHOU<br /><br />One similarity shared by the different political realities from 1677-1804 is that they were all located along the Riau river. Until 1804, 'Riau' referred to settlements built on the river's banks. In 1804, when Sultan Mahmud III made the gift of Penyengat island to the Bugis, the name 'Riau' applied to a wider area from which the Bugis rulers could derive their revenue. Penyengat became their capital, and Bugis-governed 'Riau' included Pulau Tujuh to the east, Pulau Abang to the south, and Pangkil to the west. This was a clearly demarcated territory, differentiated from Bulang to the west, and Lingga to the south. Bulang was the fief of the temenggung's faction led by Engku Muda, the contender of the Bugis (Trocki 1979:4), while Lingga remained under the Sultan (AH Haji 1982:212). Thus, from 1804 to 1911, the name 'Riau' came to refer to an internal division of the kingdom in a political reality that was divided into three zones of domination - 'Riau' under the Bugis yamtuan muda (viceroy), Lingga under the Sultan, and Bulang under the temenggung.<br /><br />The temenggung's dominion spanned from Karimun, Bum, Galang, Moro, Batam, Terong, Sugi, Bulang, Pekaka, Temiang, and Singapore to Johor (Trocki 1979:44). There are several noteworthy points about this list of places that formed the temenggung's dominion. First, to this day, the Galang people say that they are going to 'Riau' when they go to Tanjung Pinang, thereby indicating that they do not perceive Galang as a part of Riau. Given the historical pattern of political allegiance, it is easy to comprehend why they say this. Second, Batam, which is directly opposite Singapore, is now an important part of the Growth Triangle .............. Third, most significantly, Singapore, an island about the size of Batam, was just one of the many islands under the temenggung. This island is now a nation state that is legally equal in status to the nation state of Indonesia despite the huge disparity in geographical and demographic size. The historical irony that is often forgotten is that Singapore is geographically part of an archipelago comprising more than 3,000 islands. The current dominance of Singapore over the other islands is thus the result of particular processes of economic and political structuration. At present, Singapore is the linchpin of the Growth Triangle. Fourth, the 'Johor' mentioned in the list above refers to the Johor river where the capitals of the sultanate had been located. In 1823, Johor was not a separate state and Johor Baru was not yet built. The creation of 'Johor' as a separate state with demarcated boundaries was a subsequent event that occurred through a division of power between the English and the temenggung. At present, the name 'Johor' refers to a state within the nation state of Malaysia, that forms the northern part of the Growth Triangle.<br /><br />The next significant event occurred in 1824 when the British and Dutch governments signed a treaty dividing Southeast Asia into their respective spheres of influence. The dividing line was the Main Strait flowing between Singapore and Batam. This was a cut right through the temenggung's dominion. The Dutch bestowed that part of the temenggung's dominion to the Bugis yamtuan muda (viceroy) instead. After a short civil war between the Bugis and the temenggung's, faction, which ended in October 1827, the yamtuan muda consolidated his control over the post- 1824 'Riau sphere' that had been expanded by the Dutch (Ali Haji 1982:252-55, 394). The western and southern extent of this 'Riau sphere' included Karimun, Bum, and Kundur in the west, and Pintu and Duyung in the south. The northern extent of the 'Riau sphere' was marked by the Main Strait. An eastern boundary was also instituted during Viceroy Raja Ali's reign (1845-1857). The result is a post-1824 'Riau sphere' bounded on four sides as a consequence to political action, rather than as the result of geographical circumstances.<br /><br />Our informants are still conscious of the temenggung's dominion as a distinctive territory, which they refer to as daerah Bulang (Bulang area). They say that this is because his base was located on the two small islands of Bulang Lintang and Bulang Gebang. From this base, he ruled a large dominion that included Galang, Batam, Singapore and Johor. These sites are now politically separated into three nation states, namely, Indonesia,Singapore and Malaysia.<br /><br />(source: http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/multiplerealities.pdf)<br /><br />Now Riau Lingga Empire has divided not only in 3 countries; even the one in Indonesia has divided into 2 Provinces. In future you may called them Golden Triangle....<br /><br />So, Riau is still as complicated as ancient time.....lah.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-19111458410523442082010-01-29T23:38:00.001-08:002010-01-31T07:26:15.817-08:00Jambi sultanate(1460-1906)<span style="font-weight:bold;">Jambi Sultanate</span><br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=hp&ie=UTF8&q=Indonesia&fb=1&gl=my&ei=rHVlS7PCJaDoygTMspjqDg&ved=0CBkQpQY&view=map&geocode=FeX08_8dL03KBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&ll=-2.569939,104.128418&spn=1.920584,2.334595&z=8&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=embed&ie=UTF8&q=Indonesia&fb=1&gl=my&ei=rHVlS7PCJaDoygTMspjqDg&ved=0CBkQpQY&view=map&geocode=FeX08_8dL03KBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&ll=-2.569939,104.128418&spn=1.920584,2.334595&z=8" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The river port of Jambi, the capital of the province of that name, is situated in the central region of Sumatra on the river Batanghari which flows east into the Berhala Straits. Jambi is positioned on the busy sea route between China and India , and the region played a major part in early maritime trade. The Tang Annals record that as early as the seventh century A.D. and again in the ninth century Jambi sent ambassadors to the court of Chinese emperor ( Wang Gungwu 1958;74). These earliest records of Jambi show it to have been the original capital of Melayu ( Malaya Kingdom ) The ancient Hindu - Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya also had its capital in Jambi at about this time.<br /><br />The polity of Dharmasraya was located close to the present village of Sungai Langsat on the shore of the Batang Hari in the Pulau Punjung district, Sawahlunto Sijunjung regency, West Sumatra. This is the place where the above mentioned Amoghapasa Lokesvara statue was found<br />bearing an inscription (in contemporary East Javanese script) that the statue was presented in 1286 by King Kertanegara to King Srimat Tribuanaraja Mauliwarmadewa in Suwarnabumi (Sumatra). Chinese sources report that three kings ruled San-fo-ch’i(Sriwijaya) in 1373,namely Palembang, Dharmasraya(Jambi), and King Adityavarman (Minangkabau). The last report that mentions this kingdom dates to 1377 when the son succeeded the maharaja of Dharmasraya. In the same year Majapahit attacked Jambi, which may be the reason why Dharmasraya is not mentioned any further.<br /><br />Jambi history can be divided into three periods historically<br />(i) prior to 640 - Malayu sultanate/Dharmasraya Kingdom/Jambi Kingdom<br />(ii) 640- 1288 - Vassal state of Sri Vijaya<br />(ii) 1460-1906 = Jambi sultanate <br /><br />Geographically, Jambi can be divided into two regions:<br />(i) Upstream interior(ulu) area - begin at Muara Tembesi, economically essential for the lowlands, supplying exports of forest products, peppers,gold and labor in 17th & 18th century. Forest products was collected in the jungle and transport by river to the market at the coastal port of Malacca Strait.<br />(ii) Downsteam coastal(ilir) area - transport the products for export to outside<br /><br />The original Kubu population had withdrawn into the jungle,living nomad life; Ethnic Malays had settled at the bank of Batang Hari and Tembesi. Upper Jambi was inhabited by Batin. A migrant batin group lived at Rawas, border between Palembang and Jambi. Batin means supreme chiefs,and Penghulu, though denoted separate ethnic groups(Minangkabau), actually reflected hierarchical relationship.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jambi-Melayu</span><br /><br />Melayu Kingdom (also known as Malayu, Dharmasraya Kingdom or the Jambi Kingdom) was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom that existed between the 4th and the 13th century of the common era. It was established around present-day Jambi on Sumatra. The location is approximately 200km north of Palembang. Around 688 CE, emperor Jayanasa integrated Jambi into the Srivijaya<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">680s - Srivijaya</span><br /><br />Jambi was a vassal state of Srivijaya.<br /><br />Under the leadership of Jayanasa, the kingdom of Malayu became the first kingdom to be integrated into the Srivijayan Empire. This possibly occurred in the 680s. Malayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and was held in high esteem. Srivijaya recognized that the submission of Malayu to them would increase their own prestige<br /><br />Melayu Kingdom is expected to become the first kingdom established by the Minangkabau. Some historians say that the word itself means Minangkabau two rivers, referring to a kingdom that stands between two rivers, namely Malays kingdom located on the banks of the river Batang Hari. Based Inscription Kedukan Hill, the kingdom was destroyed by the troops of Srivijaya in the year 683.<br /><br />Before what is now Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch East India Company, Jambi was the site of a well-established, powerful Srivijayan kingdom that engaged in trade throughout the Strait of Malacca and beyond. It succeeded Palembang to the south, which was a frequent military and economic rival, as the later capital of the ancient kingdom. The move to Jambi was partly induced by the historic 1025 raid by pirates from the Chola region of southern India that destroyed much of Palembang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1079-1088: Centre of Srivijaya</span><br /><br />Between 1079 and 1088, Chinese records show that Srivijaya sent ambassadors from Jambi and Palembang. In 1079 in particular, an ambassador from Jambi and Palembang each visited China. Jambi sent two more ambassadors to China in 1082 and 1088. This suggests that the centre of Srivijaya frequently shifted between the two major cities during that period. The Chola expedition as well as changing trade routes weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadership of Srivijaya from the 11th century onward.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1288 - The demise of the kingdom</span><br />Almost a century after taking over Palembang's role as the center of an empire, Jambi and Srivijaya experienced decline in influence. This was caused by a change of policy by the Song dynasty to no longer accept ambassadors from Srivijaya and Jambi's inability to cope with changing scenario. Instead of the Jambi controlling the trade through tributary system, traders were allowed to trade directly instead. Mahesa/Kebo/Lembu Anabrang was a General of Singhasari, conquered Srivijaya and Melayu in 1288(at the same time Siam conquered Malay Peninsular, the two combined actions practically stripped all territories owned by Srivijaya) <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1347 -1377 Malayu's last prince- Parameswara</span><br />In the year 1347, Gajah Mada the military leader of Majapahit installed Adityawarman as the king of Melayu to prevent the revival of Srivijaya. Adityawarman later conquered Tanah Datar to take control of the gold trade and founded a kingdom in Pagar Ruyung(Pagaruyung Kingdom)between 1347-1375. In the year 1377, the Majapahit defeated Palembang and ended effort to revive Srivijaya. The last prince of Srivijayan origin, Parameswara, fled to Temasik to seek refuge before moving farther north, where he founded what would become the Malacca Sultanate.<br /><br />Note: Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Majapahit Empire(1293-1520)</span><br /><br />The Singhasari kingdom was succeed by Majapahit Empire in 1292.Negarakrtagama,which was completed in 1365 listed 24 territories in Malay land(Sumatra) which has been subject to control by Majapahit. This included Minangkabau, Dharmasraya , Jambi, Teba and Palembang. The first 4 region was probably the core region of Malayu kingdom, Palembang was too weak. When Pamelayu Expedition returned to Java in 1294, they bought with them 2 princess, Dara Pertak and Dara Jingga, the later become the mother of King Adityawarman who ruled the Malayu kingdom from the Minangkabau Highlands between 1347 -1376. King Adityawarman left more than 20 inscriptions, and majority are found in highlands of West Sumatra. This indicated that during the reign of King Adityawarman of Minangkabau area, with the capital at Suroaso, was the heartland of the Melayu Kingdom. It was reported by 1310, the capital had shifted to highland,before that for centuries Melayu's capital must have been at coastal area,most likely Muara Jambi, on the bank of Batang Hari, about 30 km to the northeast from today's Jambi city. Dharmasraya was located at the border between Minangkabou and Jambi, would had been better location, but in view of the threat from the Mongol, the shifting of capital to inland was done. The China reported in 1397, that Malay kingdom after 1377, was ruined country.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jambi Sultanate</span><br /><br />Islamization at 15th century, the spread of Islam by Indian traders who were spreading Persian sect belief. Islam clothed the princes of Jambi in legitimacy. The forefather of the sultan's family are from Turkey(Elsbeth Locher-Scholten,1994).<br /><br />1460 - Jambi state found. Jambi got free after the fall of Majapahit at the beginning of 16th century. The Jambi line of sultans did not boast an old age tradition. It had not consolidated the position until 16th century. Its power grew in tandem with processes of state formation, Islamization, economic growth that took place at various parts of Indonesia Archipelago at the same period.<br /><br />Jambi profited from the growth of trade and coming of trade partners in 16th century. From mid 1550 to 17th century, it did a roaring trade in peppers; initially with Portuguese,and in 1615 with English and Dutch East Indies Company. Chinese, Malay, Javanese and Makassarese were the traditional partners.<br /><br />In 1616 - The capital of Jambi is the 2nd richest port after Acheh. It made 30-35% on the pepper trade.<br /><br />By 1666, Jambi became a significant economic power and wanted independence from Johor. From 1666, a series of wars erupted between Johor and Jambi. Johor's capital, Batu Sawar, was sacked by Jambi.<br /><br />1680 - Jambi lost its position as major pepper port on Sumatra east coast due to their conflict with Johor, followed by internal unrest. Problems started between the ulu and ilir,the sultan's families represented the ilir related to foreigners,come off worst. British closed its trading post at Jambi in 1679. VOC(Vereenigde Odst-Indische Compagnie)traded little with Jambi after 1680.<br /><br />1688 - Dutch arrested the sultan when he arrived at trading post, he was sent to Batavia.These action had the effect of splitting Jambi into two sultanates, upstream & downstream.Gone were the prosperity, it did not return even after unification in 1720s. <br /><br />The upland people planted rice and cotton to replace peppers, and gold become the main export. But the Mingnankabou gold diggers exported their wares only when the price is higher, not necessary from Jambi capital. The court did not obtain much revenue and had no authority over them. From 1700, Jambi was bankrupt, and the ruler even pledged the pusaka/regalia as collateral. Growing migration to upland areas by Minangkabou due to gold mining, and by the end of 18th century, the upland or ulu was completely controlled by the foreign Minangkabou. The ilir, has lost its power. By the end of 18th century, Jambi become the vassal state of Minangkabou prince of Pagaruyung, whose approval has to be obtained for Jambi choice of sultan. <br /><br />In the early decades of the Dutch presence in the region, when the future colonizers were just one of several groups of traders competing with the British, Chinese, Arabs, and Malays, the Jambi sultanate profitably traded pepper with the Dutch. This relationship declined by about 1770, and the sultanate had little contact with the Dutch for about sixty years. <br /><br />1768 - VOC closed its trading post. The British and Dutch turned to trading in west coast like Pedang and Bengkulu(British since 1658). These port attracted the growing export of peppers and coffee.<br /><br />1811 - Civil war eroded the power of sultan.In 1811,the population of capital led by Arab merchants and suku Raja empat puluh(suku of 40 raja) rose against Sultan Mohildin. There were fighting in 1817 or 1818, between sultan and his cousin, Mohildin was defeated and could not settled in Jambi for some time, although the cousin was killed shortly after that.<br /><br />1819 - New trading centre established by British in Singapore<br /><br />1820- Sultan controlled upper reaches of Tembesi, and pangeran ratu(crown prince)control upper reaches of Batang Hari. But pangeran spent more time in Palembang than Batang Hari,his rule was ineffective.<br /><br />1821-1829 - when Mohildin's son , Fakhruddin was pronounced as sultan, he appointed his brother as pangeran ratu,thus breaching his father's promise to appoint his cousin Raden Tabun as pangeran ratu. Raden Tabun was a wealthy merchant in North Jambi. The rivals married each others sisters, looking for political alliance, but the peace making process was spoiled by the previous wives. <br /><br />1833 - minor conflicts with the Dutch, who were well established in Palembang, meant the Dutch increasingly felt the need to control the actions of Jambi. They coerced Sultan Fakharuddin to agree to greater Dutch presence in the region and control over trade, although the sultanate remained nominally independent. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Taha was dethroned by Dutch</span><br /><br />1858- the Dutch, apparently concerned over the risk of competition for control from other foreign powers, invaded Jambi with a force from Batavia. They met little resistance, and Sultan Taha fled to the upriver, inland regions of Jambi. The Dutch installed a puppet ruler, Nazarudin, in the lower region, which included the capital city. <br /><br />For the next forty years Taha maintained the upriver kingdom, and slowly reextended his influence over the lower regions through political agreements and marriage connections. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jambi War 1901-1906(or Jambi Rebellion)</span><br /><br />1901- Dutch Resident of Palembang administrated Jambi. Under the leadership of Sultan Taha, Jambi rebelled. A Dutch battalion was sent to Jambi to establish Dutch control.<br /><br />In 1904, however, the Dutch were stronger and, as a part of a larger campaign to consolidate control over the entire archipelago, soldiers finally managed to capture and kill Taha. Guerrilla continued under his successor, Winto.<br /><br />1906, the entire area was brought under direct colonial rule, rebels surrendered. Dutch abolished the sultanate.<br /><br />Note: Sultan Taha become a national hero of modern Indonesia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of rulers</span><br /><br />1460 Jambi state founded.First king Datuk Paduko berhalo.<br />1899 - 190. State suppressed by Netherlands colonial government.<br /><br />Rulers<br />1790 - 1812 Masud Badruddin bin Ahmad Sultan Ratu Seri Ingalaga<br />1812 - 1833 Mahmud Muhieddin bin Ahmad Sultan Agung Seri Ingalaga<br />1833 - 1841 Muhammad Fakhruddin bin Mahmud Sultan Keramat<br />1841 - 1855 Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin bin Mahmud<br />1855 - 1858 Taha Safiuddin bin Muhammad (1st time) (d. 1904)<br />1858 - 1881(lower region) Ahmad Nazaruddin bin Mahmud(puppet of Dutch)<br />1881 - 1885 Muhammad Muhieddin bin Abdul Rahman<br />1885 - 1899 Ahmad Zainul Abidin bin Muhammad<br /><br />1858 - 1904 (upriver) Taha Safiuddin bin Muhammad (2nd time) (killed by Dutch in 1904)<br />1904 - 1906 Winto<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jambi Province</span><br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Ddbhp4c67mE&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Ddbhp4c67mE&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Jambi today is the name of a province of Indonesia located on the east coast of central Sumatra. The capital of the province is Jambi city. The population of the province is 2.742.196 (2007 BPS)<br /><br />Jambi province is divided into nine regencies (kabupaten) and two cities (kota):<br /><br /> * Batang Hari<br /> * Bungo<br /> * Jambi (city)<br /> * Kerinci<br /> * Merangin<br /> * Muaro Jambi<br /> * Sarolangun<br /> * Tanjung Jabung Timur<br /> * Tanjung Jabung Barat<br /> * Tebo<br /> * Sungai Penuh (city)<br /><br /><br />Jambi city<br /><br />Sultan Thaha Airport (IATA: DJB, ICAO: WIPA) is an airport in Jambi City in the Jambi province of Indonesia. Located in the Paalmerah suburb of Jambi. The airport is named after Sultan Thaha, the last sultan of Jambi. <br /><br />Candi Muara Jambi<br /><object width="425" height="340"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/A_Tp6ZXOnlw&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/A_Tp6ZXOnlw&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="340"></embed></object><br /><br />Candi Muara Jambi is a Buddhist temple complex, in Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The temple complex was built by the Melayu Kingdom. It is situated 26 kilometers east from the city of Jambi. Its surviving temples and other archaeological remains are estimated to date from the eleventh to thirteenth century AD. The archaeological site includes eight excavated temple sanctuaries and covers more than 1500 hectacres, much of it as yet unexcavated. It is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient temple complex in South East Asia.<br /><br />The start of the rise of the kingdom of Melayu can be dated to 1025 when India's Chola kingdom attacked and destroyed the capital of the Sumatran maritime empire of Srivijaya. This allowed a number of smaller Sumatran polities to expand their political and economic influence. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries it seems that from its river estuarine basis along the Batang Hari, Melayu became the dominant economic power in Sumatra. The substantial archaeological remains at Muara Jambi suggest that this may have been the site of the Melayu capital. The city's age of glory came to an end in 1278 when Java's Singhasari kingdom attacked the city, even succeeding in capturing members of the royal family. The site was rediscovered by Dutch explorers in the nineteenth century. It is now protected as a national monument.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Ancient manuscript 1345-1377 found</span><br />German philologist Uli Kozok rocked the world of ancient linguistics and history in Indonesia when he discovered an ancient Malay manuscript in Kerinci, Jambi, in 2002.A radiocarbon test in Wellington, England, determined that the manuscript was produced when Adityawarman ruled the Malay kingdom in Suruaso (Tanah Datar, West Sumatra) between 1345 and 1377. It was made in the Dharmasraya kingdom, which was then under the Malay kingdom. Therefore Kozok declared that the manuscript was the oldest Malay manuscript ever found.old Malay kingdom during the Adityawarman age had a law that was recorded in great detail. Never before had there been any research result stating that the old Malay kingdom had any written law.<br />It revealed the hierarchy of the Malay kingdom with Suruaso as its capital. It was led by Adityawarman as the king of kings. At the middle level, there was Dharmasraya led by the great king, and under Dharmasraya there was Kerinci led by the king."However, I am sure that Suruaso and Dharmasraya had their power over Kerinci only de jure (by law) and de facto (by fact), because Kerinci had its own sovereignty. It was more about economic relations because Kerinci produced gold and agricultural products," Kozok said.<br /><br />Note: A photo of the ancient manuscripts can bee seen from http://ulikozok.com/tanjung-tanah.html.<br /><br />Is Jambi Malay the origin of Malay/Melayu?.....<br /><br />Related articles/blogs/websites:<br /><br />1. http://www.jambiexplorer.com/content/History.htm<br />2. Uli Kozok: Discoverer of world's oldest Malay manuscript(2008), by Syofiardi Bachyul Jb, The Jakarta Post, Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia.<br />3. A 14th Century Malay Manuscript from Kerinci1, by Uli Kozok, http://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/downloads/Archipel67.pdf<br />4. Tanjong Tanah Code Law - The oldest extant Malay Manuscripts(2004),by Uli Kozok, published by Cambridge Univerisity Press, UK<br />5. http://ulikozok.com/tanjung-tanah.html.<br />6. Sumatran sultanate and colonial state: Jambi and the rise of Dutch 1830-1907(1994), by Elsbeth Locher-Scholten, published in 2004 English edition by Cornell SEAP Publications, USABoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-44556256363925243222010-01-29T19:32:00.002-08:002010-02-01T15:34:39.143-08:00Singapore Island(新加坡,now Republic of Singapore)Singapore was part of Malaysia in 1963 but left in 1965. In ancient time Singapore was also part of Srivijaya Empire(known as Temasek), Majapahit, Malacca, & Johor Empire. Singapore is also part of Strait Settlement of Singapore, Penang,and Malacca. Study of Malaysian history, without knowing Singapore is like missing part of the history. <br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=1.389634,103.812561&spn=0.480509,0.583649&z=10&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=1.389634,103.812561&spn=0.480509,0.583649&z=10" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Singapore- the city state</span><br />Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore(新加坡共和国), is an island city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 710.2 km2 (274.2 sq mi), Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast Asia. It is substantially larger than Monaco and Vatican City, the only other surviving sovereign city-states.<br /><br />Before European settlement, the island now known as Singapore(新加坡) was the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819, the British East India Company, led by Sir Stamford Raffles, established a trading post on the island, which was used as a port along the spice route. Singapore became one of the most important commercial and military centres of the British Empire, and the hub of British power in Southeast Asia.<br /><br />During the Second World War, the British colony was occupied by the Japanese after the Battle of Singapore, which Winston Churchill called "Britain's greatest defeat". Singapore reverted to British rule in 1945, immediately after the war. Eighteen years later, in 1963, the city, having achieved independence from Britain, merged with Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak to form Malaysia. However, Singapore's merger proved unsuccessful, and, less than two years later, it seceded from the federation and became an independent republic within the Commonwealth of Nations on 9 August 1965. Singapore was admitted to the United Nations on 21 September of that year.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Early History </span><br />The early history of Singapore refers to the history of Singapore before 1819, when the British established a trading settlement on the island and set in motion the history of 'modern Singapore'. Prior to 1819, Singapore was known by several names in written records dating back as early as the 2nd century, which identified the island as a trade port of some importance. The island was controlled by different kingdoms in Southeast Asia including the Siamese, Javanese, and Sultanate of Malacca from the 14th century and the Sultanate of Johor from the 16th century.<br /><br />The first records of settlement in Singapore are from the 2nd century AD. The island was an outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire and originally had the Javanese name Temasek ('sea town'). Temasek (Tumasek) rapidly became a significant trading settlement, but declined in the late 14th century. There are few remnants of old Temasek in Singapore, but archaeologists in Singapore have uncovered artifacts of that and other settlements.<br /><br />The Greek astronomer, Claudius Ptolemaeus, located a place called Sabana in the area where Singapore lies and identified it as a nominon emporion or designated foreign trading port, as part of a chain of similar trading centres that linked Southeast Asia with India and the Mediterranean. A 3rd century Chinese written record described the island of Pu Luo Chung (蒲羅中), probably a transliteration of the Malay Pulau Ujong, "island at the end" (of the Malay peninsula)<br /><br />There is record that in 1320, the Mongol sent a mission to obtain elephants from a place called Long Ya Men (龍牙門 or Dragon's Tooth Strait), which is believed to be Keppel Harbour. The Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan, visiting the island around 1330, described a small Malay settlement called Dan Ma Xi (淡馬錫, from Malay Tamasik) containing a number of Chinese residents. The island was apparently a haven for pirates preying on passing ships. The Nagarakretagama, a Javanese epic poem written in 1365, also referred to a settlement on the island, which it called Temasek (Sea Town).<br /><br />Between the 16th and early 19th centuries, Singapore island was part of the Sultanate of Johor. During the Malay-Portugal wars in 1613, the settlement was set ablaze by Portuguese troops. The Portuguese subsequently held control in that century and the Dutch in the 18th, but throughout most of this time the island's population consisted mainly of fishermen<br /><br />The quasi-mythological Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) contains a tale of a prince of Srivijaya, Sri Tri Buana (also known as Sang Nila Utama), who landed on the island after surviving a shipwreck sometime during the 13th century. On the island, the prince saw a strange creature, which he was told was a lion. Believing this to be an auspicious sign, he decided to found a settlement called Singapura, which means "Lion City" in Sanskrit. However, it is unlikely there ever were lions in Singapore, though tigers continued to roam the island until the early 20th century<br /><br />Recent excavations in Fort Canning provide evidence that Singapore was a port of some importance in the 14th century, used for transactions between the Malays and Chinese.<br /><br />Following the decline of Srivijayan power, Temasek was alternately claimed by the Majapahit and the Siamese. Its fortifications apparently allowed it to withstand at least one attempted Siamese invasion. Historians believe that during the 1390s, Parameswara, the last Srivijayan prince, fled to Temasek from Palembang after being deposed by the Majapahit Empire. While these are parallels between the mythical Sang Nila Utama and historical Parameswara, these should be seen as distinct. Notwithstanding Sejarah Melayu legend, the "Singapura" name possibly dates to this period. Parameswara held the island for a number of years, until further attacks from either the Majapahit or the Ayutthaya kingdom in Siam forced him to move on to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca. Singapore became part of the Malacca empire, and once served as the fiefdom of the legendary laksamana (or admiral) Hang Tuah.<br /><br />During the 16th and early 17th century, it briefly regained some importance as a trading centre of the Sultanate of Johor. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burnt down the settlement at the mouth of Singapore River and the island sank into obscurity. It was not until 1819, when the Englishman Stamford Raffles established a British trading post on the island, that modern Singapore was founded.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Modern History</span><br /><br />British Rule(1819-1963)<br /><br />In 1812 the Yang Dipertuan Besar of Johore – Riau kingdom, Sultan Muhmud Shah died in Lingga, the throne was succeed by his younger son Tengku Abdul Rahman and not the eldest son Tengku Hussien (Tengku Long). During that time the Riau and the southern part up to Sumatera was under the influence of Dutch East India Company, while the British East India Company which have already have influence in Penang (Pulau Pinang), the northern part of Malay Peninsula and now plan to set up new trading base in the southern part, which is Singapore. On 29 January 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles landed on the main island. Spotting its potential as a strategic trading post for Southeast Asia, <br /><br />1819 Singapore sultanate<br />During that time Singapore was ruled by Temenggong Abdul Rahman, a minister of the Johore – Riau kingdom, whom by himself alone cannot grant the British to set up trading base in Singapore as only the Sultan have that particular power. Since the British know that Sultan Abdul Rahman of Riau will definitely will not granted them such permission because of Dutch influence over them, so the British decided to declare and recognize Tengku Hussien as the Sultan of Singapore with the support and help from the Temenggong Abdul Rahman. After the ceremony that took place in Singapore in 1819, the new Sultan of Singapore, Sultan Hussien Shah together with Temenggong Abdul Rahman signed an agreement with Sir Stamford Raffles to permit the British East India Company to set up their trading base in Singapore.<br /><br />Raffles signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah on behalf of the British East India Company on 6 February 1819 to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post and settlement.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Malay rulers in early Singapore</span><br /><br />Malay Kings of Singapore (1299 -1396 AD)<br /><br /> * Sri Tri Buana (Sang Nila Utama) (1299 -1347)<br /><br /> * Raja Kecil Besar (Paduka Seri Pikrama Wira) (13xx -13xx)<br /><br /> * Raja Muda (Rakna Pikrama) (13xx-13xx)<br /><br /> * Paduka Seri Maharaja (Damia Raja) (13xx-13xx)<br /><br /> * Raja Iskandar Shah (Parameswara) (1388 or 1390 (?) -1396)<br /><br />Part of Malacca Sultanate, ruled by Malacca (list not available)<br /><br />Part of Johor Empire:<br /><br /> Malay Kings of Singapore (1699 -1835 AD)<br /><br /> * Bendahara Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah IV (Sultan of Riau-Lingga-Pahang) (1699-1718)<br /><br /> * Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (Raja Kecil) (Sultan of Riau-Lingga-Pahang) (1718-1722)<br /><br /> * Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Al-Alam Shah (Sultan of Johore-Riau-Lingga-Pahang) (1722-1760)<br /><br /> * Sultan Mahmud Riayat Shah III (Sultan of Johore-Pahang) (1761-1812)<br /><br /> * Sultan Abdul Rahman (Sultan of Lingga) (1812 –1832) (Placed on the throne instead of his older brother Hussein, supported by Bugis, ruled Johor-Riau-Lingga Kingdom or Johor Empire)<br /><br /> * Sultan Hussein Shah (Sultan of Johor) (1819 –1835) (Recognized by the British as the rightful Sultan of Johor, not recognized by the Malay, ruled from Singapore)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1824 - British colony</span><br />Until 1824, Singapore was still a territory controlled by a Malay Sultan. It officially became a British colony on 2 August 1824 when John Crawfurd, the second resident of Singapore, officially made the whole island a British possession by signing a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah in which the Sultan and the Temmenggong handed it over to the British East India Company, marking the start of the island's modern era.<br /><br />Raffles' deputy, William Farquhar, oversaw a period of growth and ethnic migration, largely spurred by a no-restriction immigration policy. The British India office governed the island from 1858, but it was made a British crown colony in 1867, answerable directly to the Crown. By 1869, 100,000 people lived on the island.<br /><br />The early onset of town planning in colonial Singapore came largely through a "divide and rule" framework where the different ethnic groups were settled in different parts of the South of the island. The Singapore River was largely a commercial area dominated by traders and bankers of various ethnic groups with mostly Chinese and Indian coolies working to load and unload goods from barge boats known as "bumboats".<br /><br />The Malays, consisting of the local "Orang Lauts" who worked mostly as fishermen and seafarers, and Arab traders and scholars were mostly found in the Southeast part of the river mouth, where Kampong Glam stands today. The European settlers, who were few then, settled around Fort Canning Hill and farther upstream from the Singapore River.<br /><br />Like the Europeans, the early Indian migrants also settled more inland of the Singapore River, where Little India stands today. Little is known about the rural private settlements in those times (known as kampongs), other than the major move by the post-independent Singapore government to re-settle these residents in the late 1960s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">WW2 (1941-1945)- Japanese Occupation</span><br />During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore. The British were defeated in six days, and surrendered the supposedly impregnable fortress to General Tomoyuki Yamashita on 15 February 1942. The surrender was described by the British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, as, "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history." The British naval base (see above) was destroyed before the Japanese could take over the base and make use of it. Widespread indiscriminate killing of the Chinese population occurred (see Sook Ching massacre).<br /><br />The Japanese renamed Singapore Shōnantō (昭南島?), from Japanese "Shōwa no jidai ni eta minami no shima" ("昭和の時代に得た南の島"?), or "southern island obtained in the age of Shōwa", and occupied it until the British repossessed the island on 12 September 1945, a month after the Japanese surrender.[28] The name Shōnantō was, at the time, romanised as "Syonan-to" or "Syonan", which means "Light of the South".<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Post war era </span><br /><br />Following the war, the British government allowed Singapore to hold its first general election, in 1955, which was won by a pro-independence candidate, David Marshall, who thus became Chief Minister.<br /><br />Demanding complete self-rule, Marshall led a delegation to London, but was refused by the British. He resigned upon return, and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies then convinced the British. Singapore was granted full internal self-government with its own prime minister and Cabinet overseeing all matters of government except defence and foreign affairs.<br /><br />Elections were then held on 30 May 1959 with the People's Action Party winning a landslide victory. Singapore eventually became a self-governing state within the British Empire on 3 June 1959 and Lee Kuan Yew was sworn in as the first prime minister of Singapore two days later.[29] Then Governor of Singapore, Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode, served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara from 3 June 1959 until 3 December 1959. He was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak, who would later become the first President of Singapore.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Independence 1963</span><br />Singapore declared independence from Britain unilaterally in August 1963, before joining the Federation of Malaysia in September along with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak as the result of the 1962 Merger Referendum of Singapore. Singapore left the federation two years after heated ideological conflict between the state's PAP government and the federal government in Kuala Lumpur. Singapore officially gained sovereignty on 9 August 1965. Yusof bin Ishak was sworn in as President, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Rulers </span><br /><br />Residents and Commandants<br /> 6 Feb 1819 - 26 Apr 1823 William Farquhar (b. 1770 - d. 1839)<br />27 May 1823 - 15 Aug 1826 John Crawfurd (b. 1783 - d. 1868)<br /><br />Resident Councillors<br />15 Aug 1826 - 18 Nov 1827 John Prince<br />29 Nov 1827 - Dec 1833 Kenneth Murchison (b. 1794 - d. 1854)<br />Dec 1833 - 18 Nov 1836 Samuel George Bonham (b. 1803 - d. 1863)<br /> 4 Mar 1837 - 1856 Thomas Church (b. c.1789 - d. 1860)<br />22 Sep 1856 - 1859 Henry Somerset MacKenzie (b. 1826 - d. 1904)<br />1860 - 1867 Ronald Macpherson (b. 1817 - d. 1869) <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Governors of Straits Settlements </span><br /> <br />27 Nov 1826 - 12 Nov 1830 Robert Fullerton (b. 1773 - d. 1831)<br />12 Nov 1830 - 6 Dec 1833 Robert Ibbetson (b. 1789 - d. 1860)<br /> 7 Dec 1833 - 17 Nov 1836 Kenneth Murchison (b. 1794 - d. 1854)<br />18 Nov 1836 - Jan 1843 Samuel George Bonham (b. 1803 - d. 1863)<br />Aug 1843 - 21 Mar 1855 William John Butterworth (b. 1801 - d. 1856)<br />21 Mar 1855 - 6 Aug 1859 Edmund Augustus Blundell (b. 1804 - d. 1868)<br /> 6 Aug 1859 - 16 Mar 1867 Orfeur Cavenagh (b. 1821 - d. 1891)<br />17 Mar 1867 - 3 Nov 1873 Harry St. George Ord (b. 1819 - d. 1885)<br /> 4 Nov 1873 - 7 May 1875 Andrew Clarke (b. 1825 - d. 1902)<br /> 8 May 1875 - 3 Apr 1877 Sir William Francis Jervois (b. 1821 - d. 1897)<br /> 3 Apr 1877 - 29 Oct 1877 Edward Archibald Harbord Anson (b. 1826 - d. 1925)<br /> (1st time) (acting) <br />29 Oct 1877 - 10 Feb 1879 William Cleaver Francis Robinson (b. 1834 - d. 1897)<br />10 Feb 1879 - 6 May 1880 Edward Archibald Harbord Anson (s.a.)<br /> (2nd time) (acting)<br /> 6 May 1880 - 17 Oct 1887 Sir Frederic Aloysius Weld (b. 1823 - d. 1891)<br />17 Oct 1887 - 30 Aug 1893 Cecil Clementi Smith (b. 1840 - d. 1916)<br />30 Aug 1893 - 1 Feb 1894 William Edward Maxwell (acting) (b. 1846 - d. 1897)<br /> 1 Feb 1894 - 7 Dec 1899 Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell (b. 1836 - d. 1899)<br /> 7 Dec 1899 - 5 Nov 1901 James Alexander Swettenham (b. 1846 - d. 1933)<br /> (acting)<br /> 5 Nov 1901 - 12 Oct 1903 Sir Frank Athelstone Swettenham (b. 1850 - d. 1946)<br />15 Apr 1904 - 9 Apr 1911 Sir John Anderson (b. 1858 - d. 1918)<br /> 9 Sep 1911 - 24 Aug 1919 Sir Arthur Henderson Young (b. 1854 - d. 1938)<br /> 3 Feb 1920 - 5 May 1927 Sir Laurence Nunns Guillemard (b. 1862 - d. 1951)<br /> 3 Jun 1927 - 20 Oct 1929 Sir Hugh Charles Clifford (b. 1866 - d. 1941)<br /> 5 Feb 1930 - 16 Feb 1934 Sir Cecil Clementi (b. 1875 - d. 1947)<br /> 9 Nov 1934 - 15 Feb 1942 Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas (b. 1879 - d. 1962)<br /> (1st time) <br /> (Japanese prisoner 15 Feb 1942 - 15 Aug 1945)<br />15 Feb 1942 - 12 Sep 1945 Japanese occupation<br />12 Sep 1945 - 1 Apr 1946 Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas (s.a.)<br /> (2nd time) <br /><br />Military Administrators<br />15 Feb 1942 - 1943 Tomoyuki Yamashita (b. 1888 - d. 1946)<br />1943 - 1944 Hisaichi Terauchi (b. 1879 - d. 1946)<br />1944 - 1945 Doihara Kenji (b. 1883 - d. 1948)<br />1945 - 12 Sep 1945 Seishiro Itagaki (b. 1885 - d. 1948)<br /><br />Japanese Mayors of Syonan (presidents of the special municipality)<br />Mar 1942 - Jun 1943 Shigeo Odate<br />19 Jul 1943 - 12 Sep 1945 Kanichi Naito<br /><br />Military Administrator<br />12 Sep 1945 - 31 Mar 1946 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 - d. 1979)<br /> Duke of Mountbatten <br />Governors<br /> 1 Apr 1946 - 15 Nov 1952 Sir Franklin Charles Gimson (b. 1890 - d. 1975)<br />15 Nov 1952 - 22 Dec 1954 John Fearns Nicoll (b. 1899 - d. 1981)<br /> (from 24 Jun 1952, Sir John Fearns Nicoll) <br />22 Dec 1954 - 9 Dec 1957 Robert Brown Black (b. 1906 - d. 1999)<br /> (from Dec 1955, Sir Robert Brown Black) <br /> 9 Dec 1957 - 2 Jun 1959 Sir William Allmond Codrington (b. 1907 - d. 1986)<br /> Goode <br /><br />Heads of state (title yang di-pertuan negara)<br /> 3 Jun 1959 - 1 Dec 1959 Sir William Allmond Codrington (s.a.) Non-party<br /> Goode <br /> 1 Dec 1959 - 22 Dec 1965 Yusuf bin Ishak (b. 1910 - d. 1970) PAP<br /><br />Presidents<br />22 Dec 1965 - 23 Nov 1970 Yusuf bin Ishak (s.a.) PAP<br />23 Nov 1970 - 2 Jan 1971 Yeoh Ghim Seng (1st time) (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 1993) PAP<br /> 2 Jan 1971 - 12 May 1981 Benjamin Henry Sheares (b. 1907 - d. 1981) PAP<br />12 May 1981 - 24 Oct 1981 Yeoh Ghim Seng (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) PAP<br />24 Oct 1981 - 27 Mar 1985 Chengara Veetil Devan Nair (b. 1923 - d. 2005) PAP<br />27 Mar 1985 - 29 Mar 1985 Wee Chong Jin (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 2005) PAP<br />29 Mar 1985 - 3 Sep 1985 Yeoh Ghim Seng (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) PAP<br /> 3 Sep 1985 - 1 Sep 1993 Wee Kim Wee (b. 1915 - d. 2005) PAP<br /> 1 Sep 1993 - 1 Sep 1999 Ong Teng Cheong (b. 1936 - d. 2002) PAP<br /> 1 Sep 1999 - Sellapan Ramanathan (S.R.) Nathan (b. 1924) PAP<br /><br />Chief ministers<br /> 6 Apr 1955 - 8 Jun 1956 David Saul Marshall (b. 1908 - d. 1995) LF<br /> 8 Jun 1956 - 5 Jun 1959 Tun Lim Yew Hock (b. 1914 - d. 1984) LF<br />Prime ministers<br /> 5 Jun 1959 - 28 Nov 1990 Lee Kuan Yew (b. 1923) PAP<br />28 Nov 1990 - 12 Aug 2004 Goh Chok Tong (b. 1941) PAP<br />12 Aug 2004 - Lee Hsien Loong (b. 1952) PAP<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Istana Kampong Glam, Singapore</span><br /><br />85 Sultan Gate<br />Singapore 198501<br />6391 0450<br /><br />Istana Kampong Glam (Malay for "Kampong Glam Palace"; Chinese: 甘榜格南皇宫), also Istana Kampong Gelam, is a former Malay palace in Singapore. It is located near Masjid Sultan in Kampong Glam. The palace and compounds were refurbished into the Malay Heritage Centre in 2004.<br /><br />The original Istana Kampong Glam was built by Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor in 1819 on land of about 23 hectares (57 acres) in Kampong Glam that had been given to him by the British East India Company. It is believed to have been a wooden structure in the area to the east of Beach Road. When it was completed, it occupied an area twice the size of the present compound, which was reduced in 1824 for the construction of North Bridge Road. The Sultan lived there till shortly before his death in Malacca in 1835.<br /><br />In 1896, there was a succession dispute in Sultan Hussein's family over rights to the Kampong Glam estate, and the matter went to court. In 1897, the court ruled that no one could rightfully claim to be the successor of the Sultan and that the estate belonged to the Crown. (The estate became state land when Singapore gained independence.<br /><br />(extract from wikipedia)<br /><br /><br />"Gedung Kuning" - the Bendahara's house<br /><br />On the left of the main entrance just outside of the Istana compund, stands this large grand house. Because traditionally, it has always been painted with the royal colour - yellow, the locals called it "Gedung Kuning" (the yellow mansion). It was once occupied by descendants of Sultan Hussain Shah up to Tengku Mahmud, the grandson of the Sultan but was sold upon the latter's death. Subsequently, it was purchased by a local Javanese businessman, Haji Yusof Bin Haji Mohammad Noor - who was known locally as "Haji Yusof Talipinggang" (Haji Yusof the belt merchant). Today "Genung Kuning" has been converted into a restaurant serving Malay cuisine.<br /><br />(extract from http://www.kgba.org.sg/kggelam_history.htm)<br /><br />Related articles:<br /><br />1. About Kampong Glam, http://www.kgba.org.sg/kggelam_history.htm( with picture of the Malay village, now urban business center)<br />2. Singapore/Bugis, http://wikitravel.org/en/Kampong_Glam<br />3. Kampong Glam, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Glam<br />4. Singapore, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore<br />5. Uniquely Singapore, http://visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home.htm(Official site of Singapore Tourism Board. If you are interested to visit Singapore,more tourist info can be obtained in this website)Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-59975060965152703542010-01-29T19:32:00.001-08:002010-01-30T15:53:16.697-08:00Lingga IslandsLingga Island was important in the history of Malaysia,it is where the Sultan of Lingga, who ruled Johor, Pahang, Singapore, Riau-Lingga lived. The sultan of Lingga was the sultan of Johor Empire. Only after 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, did the sultan of Lingga only ruled Riau-Lingga of Indonesia. Johor & Pahang formed their sultanates, Singapore under British. Lingga Islands is important in the history of maritime political history of Strait of Malacca, as well as world spices history.<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&ie=UTF8&q=Indonesia&fb=1&gl=my&ei=EORjS-usK46YyAS8rIX2Dg&ved=0CBkQpQY&view=map&geocode=FeX08_8dL03KBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&ll=0.093384,104.364624&spn=1.922515,2.334595&z=8&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&ie=UTF8&q=Indonesia&fb=1&gl=my&ei=EORjS-usK46YyAS8rIX2Dg&ved=0CBkQpQY&view=map&geocode=FeX08_8dL03KBg&split=0&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&ll=0.093384,104.364624&spn=1.922515,2.334595&z=8&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The Lingga Islands or Lingga Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Lingga) are a group of islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore, along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Islands province on Sumatra island. They are south of the populated Riau Archipelago, known for the industrial island of Batam and the tourist-frequented island of Bintan, although the Lingga Islands themselves are rarely visited due to the infrequent local transportation. The equator goes through the northern tip of Lingga, the name of the main island in the archipelago.<br /><br />The population are mainly Malay, Bugis and Chinese (predominantly Hakka, Teochew and Hokkien).<br /><br />By size and population the most important islands in the archipelago are Lingga and Singkep, then Sebangka and Bakung.<br /><br /> * Lingga with smaller Pulau (P.) Alut.<br /> * P. Selayar of Riau Islands between Lingga and Singkep.<br /> * Singkep with P. Posik to the west, P. Serak to the SW, P. Lalang to the South.<br /> * Sebangka and Bakung NW of Lingga, with town of Limas, islets Senayang, Kapas, Kentar, Mowang.<br /> * P. Lobam and Cempah to the west of Sebangka.<br /> * Temiang and Mesawak in the north.<br /><br />Lingga Island is the largest and most populated of the Lingga Islands, Indonesia. It has an area of 889 square kilometres (343 sq mi). It is located south of the Riau Islands off the east coast of Sumatra. The other major island of the archipelago is Singkep.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Transport</span><br />Ferry services to the islands from outside the archipelago come from the provincial capital to the north, Tanjung Pinang on Bintan, including from Singapore. These days the main industry is fishing. There are a number of fine beaches with some coral around the Archipelago but there is very little tourism on account of the poor transport links with the outside world.<br /><br /> * Singkep has two ports, Dabo near Dabosingkep and Jago near Sungaibuluh. Service to the port of Muntok on P. Bangka of Sumatera Selatan ceased operating regularly with the demise of the tin mining industry. However, a high-speed ferry continues to connect Tanjung Pinang to Singkep, from where local boats may be chartered to Lingga.<br /><br /> * For Lingga, Diak is the major town and port. It can be reached in a day from Singapore transferring at Tanjung Pinang.<br /><br />For some picture of Lingga archipelago, please visit blog http://members.ziggo.nl/zoontjes/en/riau/riau_lingga.htm<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">How to get there</span><br /><br />The ferry from Tanjung Pinang (Bintan) leaves at 11AM everyday. There are 3 different ferries making the tour and the trip takes between 3-6 hours depending which one since they make different amount of stops. To get to Tanjung Pinang you may take a ferry from Batam or Singapore with many departures everyday.<br /><br />Leaving Tanjung Pinang is easy. The national ticket booths are next to the entry to the pier and a ticket to Pulau Lingga is Rp 113,000 (Nov 2009). Add an extra Rp 3,000 for the sea port tax and then board the ferry. Some of the ferries has numbered seats but otherwises just pick a seat; outdoor or indoor. You may even make your way up to sit next to the captain, an area frequently used when the ship is full (i.e. the double amount of people than there are seats).<br /><br />The ferry steers it way south stopping a couple of times on small islands on the way. Then arriving to Jago on Singkep before its last stop on Lingga. The port on Lingga is callad Tanjung Buton (Tanjung, Tg. means port). In the port you will find motor bike taxis ("ojek") and the ride to Daik is about 10 minutes. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">How to get out</span><br /><br />Ferry leaves Lingga at 7.00 o'clock but be there at least 30 minutes before to be sure to get a ticket back (at least on sundays which is the main traveling day). 07.00 the ferry docks in Jago (Singkep) and continues afterwards up through the archipelago stopping trice or more on the small islands with the tiny fishing villages.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-24814127645102508672010-01-29T19:31:00.000-08:002010-02-01T01:26:58.099-08:00Riau IslandsRiau islands was part of Johor Empire. Sir Stamford Raffles must be regretted for not asking Riau islands together with Singapore. The Singapore government is today facing the problem of land shortage. With Riau island, Singapore will be having wider territories, and land bank. Riau island was a strategic place for maritime traders and military in the history of Strait of Malacca. Study of Malaysia/Singapore history should not miss Riau Islands, otherwise you are missing an important link of Malay history. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Riau Islands/Riau Archipelago</span><br /><br />The Riau Islands were part of Riau Province until 2004, when they were made into a separate province. Riau Islands in broad definition is the name of the Riau Islands Province, in a narrow definition is the name of the Riau Archipelago. <br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/G0jp4afJs2s&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G0jp4afJs2s&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Riau Islands Province </span><br /><br />Riau Islands Province (Indonesian: Provinsi Kepulauan Riau (Kepri or Riau Kepulauan) is a province of Indonesia, consisting of Riau Archipelago, Natuna Islands, Anambas, and Lingga Islands.<br /><br />Originally part of the Riau Province, the Riau Islands were split off as a separate province in July 2004 with Tanjung Pinang as its capital.<br /><br />1. Riau Archipelago<br />2. Natuna Islands<br />3. Anambas<br />4. Lingga Islands.<br /><br />1.The Riau Archipelago<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=0.686629,103.914185&spn=1.922379,2.334595&z=8&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=0.686629,103.914185&spn=1.922379,2.334595&z=8" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The Riau Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Riau also known as Riau Islands (ambiguously)) is the core group of islands within the Riau Islands Province in Indonesia, and located south of Singapore. The islands are home to the majority of the Riau Islands province's (Provinsi Kepulauan Riau)'s population and development, and include tourist areas. Historically they along with Singapore (Temasek) were under the Johor Sultanate before the split thru the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, it is quite possible Singapore itself was considered a part of this archipelago during this time. The name of this archipelago predated the province by over two hundred years, and historically DID NOT include Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands of which belong to the province of the same name.<br /><br />The main islands are:<br /><br />1. Bintan, <br />2. Batam, <br />3. Rempang,<br />4. Galang, <br />5. Combol, <br />6. Kundur, and <br />7. Karimun. <br /><br />Tanjung Pinang located on Bintan is the provincial capital. Tanjung Balai Karimun is an international port along with Tanjung Pinang.<br /><br />High speed ferry services exist to the archipelago of the south, Lingga Islands (Kepulauan Lingga).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Penyengat Island - Its significant in Malay history</span><br /><br />Penyengat Island is about 1.5 km west of the city of Tanjung Pinang, around 10 km northeast of Batam Island, the archipelagic province’s industrial center. According to the 2005 census, Penyengat Island has a population of only 2,224.<br /><br />The 3.5 square kilometer island is special, as it is the birth place of the man who created Malay grammar and wrote the dictionary, Raja Ali Haji. He was convinced that Riau Malay would become the language of correspondence, textbooks and literature, a prediction that has proved to be true.<br /><br />During the Riau war against Dutch colonizers from 1782 to 1784, Penyengat Island was the main center of resistance. The island’s defense system was constructed in the Portuguese style, with a rock fortification built around it. At present, traces of the stronghold remain, although in bad repair.<br /><br />Penyengat assumed greater importance in 1803 when its defense status was promoted to a state. The island was ruled by Yang Dipertuan Muda, of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga, the Sultan’s government aide. The Sultan himself was at his central government kingdom in Daik Lingga, now the regency of Lingga. <br /><br />In 1900 Riau Malay kingdom ruler Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazam Syah moved the central government to Penyengat Island. Sultan Abdul Rahman reigned over Riau, Johor and Pahang from 1883 to 1911.<br /><br />Sultan Abdul Rahman, who refused to sign a contract to give up Riau’s traditional rights and royal reign, moved to Singapore to avoid Dutch forces.<br /><br />“When he arrived in Singapore, the king ordered his subjects to destroy the palace and other important buildings because the Dutch would be taking over them. So, though it has not yet been a century since the Riau-Lingga sultanate ended, its palace is already in ruins,” said Raja Malik, recounting the history of the island. <br /><br />2. Natuna Islands<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=2.580914,107.611084&spn=3.840597,4.669189&z=7&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=2.580914,107.611084&spn=3.840597,4.669189&z=7" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The Natuna Islands archipelago (272 islands) is located in the Natuna Sea. The islands are officially part of the Riau Islands province of Indonesia and it is the northernmost non-disputed island groups of Indonesia. <br /><br />1. Main islands include archipelagoes of Natuna Besar, South Natuna archipelago and Tambelan archipelago, the last consisting of Badas Islands.<br /><br />(i)Natuna Besar (or Great Natuna, also Bunguran Island, Natuna Island) is the main island of the Natuna Besar Archipelago, as well as the Natuna Islands, which are part of the Riau Islands Province, Indonesia. The Natuna archipelago is one of the northernmost island groups of Indonesia. The area of Natuna Besar is 1720 km². The northernmost island in Indonesia (and the Natuna Besar Arch) is Laut Island (Natuna).<br /><br />The island of Bunguran is home to three species of non-human primate: the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and the Natuna leaf monkey (a.k.a. Natuna pale-thighed surili, Presbytis natunae).<br /><br />(ii)South Natuna (Kepulauan Natuna Selatan) is an archipelago near the northern tip of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The archipelago is spread out over hundreds of kilometers. Major islands include Subi Island, Panjang, Midai, Murih. The Selasan Strait cuts through the bottom of the cluster of islands.<br /><br />The South Natuna group comprises the islands of Serasan, Panjang and Subi. <br /><br />(iii)Tambelan archipelago is a group of islands off the west coast of West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, just north of the equator, separated but sometimes considered part of the Natuna Islands of Riau Islands Province. It consists of other archipelagoes, namely Badas Islands. (Kepulauan Badas). Major islands include Tambelan Besar, Mendarik, Uwi, Benua, Pejantan.<br /><br />The population is around 100,000.Despite important natural gas reserves, most of the locals work as fishermen or farmers. There is no significant tourism industry.<br /><br />Note: The Anambas archipelago, located several hundred kilometers to the west and comprising Terempa, Matak and Jemaja Andriabu island, are also sometimes included in the Natuna Islands.<br /><br />3. Anambas<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=3.050011,106.026306&spn=0.959931,1.167297&z=9&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=+Indonesia&sll=2.811371,108.500977&sspn=10.497458,14.128418&gl=my&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&t=p&ll=3.050011,106.026306&spn=0.959931,1.167297&z=9" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />Anambas have a large reserve of natural gas that is exported to countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. <br /><br />The island of Matak is the main base for oil exploration. Other islands are Siantan (Tarempa), Mubur, Jemaja and Kiabu (Airabu).<br /><br />Related articles<br /><br />1. Pulau Penyengat : Nineteenth Century Islamic Centre of Riau , by Virginia Matheson, http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1989_num_37_1_2567(note: This is an academic article which is useful for further details on Pulau Penyengat)Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-8906311963590079592010-01-29T16:19:00.001-08:002010-02-01T16:59:05.284-08:00Riau-Lingga Kingdom(1824-1911)Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 was the most important historical event, which start the split of Johor Empire to Lingga-Riau in Sumatra, and Johor sultanate(Johor/Singapore/Pahang)in Malay Peninsular. However, the division caused by the dispute of succession was the main cause that British was able to have opportunity to share the power influence with Dutch over Johor Empire.<br /><br />bf.1818 Part of Johor Empire.<br />1818 The Sultan of Johor-Riau is expelled from Johor; Riau secedes.<br />3 Feb 1911 Netherlands colonial government takes over administration.<br />9 Jan 1913 State extinguished by Netherlands colonial government.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Johor Empire administration</span><br /><br />The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority lay in the hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the Sultan. The Sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the Sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja. <br /><br />During the 18th century, the Bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong lived in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed the administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor.<br /><br />The Johor Empire is decentralized. It is made of four main fiefs and the Sultan's territory. The fiefs are :<br /><br />1. Muar and its territories under the Raja Temenggung of Muar; <br />2. Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendehara;<br />3. Riau under the control of Yam Tuan Muda and,<br />4. Mainland Johor and Singapore under the Temenggung. <br />5. The rest of the Empire belongs to the Sultan. <br /><br />The Sultan resides in Lingga(so called Sultan Lingga). All the Orang Kayas except Raja Temenggung Muar reports directly to the Sultan ; Raja Temenggung Muar is a sovereign and is recognised by the Sultan.<br /><br />Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah was appointed as Sultan of Lingga, Johor Empire in 1812. He was placed on the throne instead of his older brother Tengku Hussein, supported by Bugis. The appointment was a dispute, as there was no consent from Bendahara and royalties ,and without complete of royal regalia. Note he is Sultan of Lingga, of Johor Empire from 1812-1824, but only complied with royal regalia in 1822. After 1824, due to 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, he retained only as Sultan of Lingga-Riau sultanate until he died in 1832. His other states, Pahang and Johor become independent sultanates, both under British influence, Singapore become a British colony.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Dispute on succession(1812-1824)</span><br /><br />Tengku Abdul Rahman was ruler only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had been away in Pahang getting married when their father died in 1812. He was appointed by the Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, Raja Jaafar because according to him, in a Malay tradition, a person has to be by the dying sultan's side in order to be considered as the new ruler. However the matter has to be decided by the Bendehara as the "keeper of adat". Predictably, the older brother was not happy with the development.<br /><br />Raja Jaafar's sister, the queen of the late Sultan, protested vehemently at her brother's actions with these prophetic words, "...Which adat of succession is being followed? Unfair deeds like this will cause the Johor Sultanate be destroyed!!!". And she held on the royal regalia refusing to surrender it.<br /><br />Bendehara Ali was made aware of the affairs of the succession and decided to act. He prepared his fleet of boats to Riau to "restore the adat". The British upon knowing this dispatched a fleet and setup a blockade to stop the forces of Bendehara Ali from advancing.<br /><br />With the Temenggung's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Hussein, then living in exile on one of the Riau Islands, back into Singapore. According a correspondence between Tengku Hussain and his brother, he left for Singapore out of his concern of his son's safety. Unfortunately he was captured by Raffles and forced to make a deal. Their agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the "legitimate ruler" of "Johor", and thus Tengku Hussein and the Temenggung would receive a yearly stipend from the British. In return, Tengku Hussein would allow Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. This treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819.<br /><br />Bendehara Ali was requested by the British to recognize Tengku Hussein as a ruler. However, Bendehara Ali has stated that he has no connection with the events in Singapore , as it is the Temenggung's fief and stated that his loyalty lies with the Sultan of Johor in Lingga.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty</span><br /><br />The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. Tensions between the Dutch and British over Singapore persisted until 1824, when they signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. Under the terms of that treaty, the Dutch officially withdrew their opposition to the British presence in Singapore. Many historians contend that the treaty divided the spheres of influence between the Dutch and the English; Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the state of Riau-Lingga which exists de jure after the ouster of the last Sultan of Johor. However this treaty is signed secretly without the knowledge of the local nobility including the Sultan and thus its legitimacy is called into question. <br /><br />The British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Sultan Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. The legitimacy of Sultan Hussein's proclamation as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore, was by all accounts not recognised by the Malay rulers and his title only served as a nominal title. Temenggong Abdul Rahman's position, on the other hand, was strengthened as the signing of the treaties detached him the influence of Raja Ja'afar. Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Rahman was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822, complete with the royal regalia. Sultan Abdul Rahman, who had devoted himself to religion, became contented with his political sphere of influence in Lingga, where his family continued to maintain his household under the administrative direction of Raja Ja'afar who ruled under the auspices of the Dutch. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Interested Parties</span><br /><br />The actors on this stage are three parties; the Colonial powers of British and the Dutch; the nobles who made agreement with the Dutch namely Raja Jaafar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and Temenggung Abdul Rahman, of Johore and Singapore ; the palace namely the Sultan and Bendahara who is not aware of any treaty signed without their knowledge. Because the treaties are not ratified by the Sultan or the Bendahara, the Malays do not pay heed to any action of the Colonial powers.<br /><br />The Yam Tuan Muda has committed treachery by "selling" the sovereignty of Johore, however it does not hold as the Sultan or the Bendahara is not a party to the treaty. It is wrong to pass judgements on the Sultan as not obeying the 1830 treaty. The treaty was signed in secret and details were only known in 1855. In actuality, the Sultan is excersizing his sovereign right in demanding loyalty from fiefdoms in the Johor Empire. As for the Temenggung, he is strengthening his position and in preparation of any changes to fate of the Sultanate, preparing to have friendship with Great Britain and sharing the spoils with Britain at the demise of the Sultanate. This is especially true for the son of Temenggung Ibrahim, the ambitious Temenggung (and later Sultan) Abu Bakar who plans to be Sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Sultans - Lingga-Riau Sultanate</span><br /> <br /> 1. Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah (1818–1832)Note: 1812 or 1818 or 1822? <br /> 2. Sultan Muhammad II Muazzam Shah (1832–1835)<br /> 3. Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah (1835–1857)<br /> 4. Sultan Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah (1857–1883)<br /> 5. Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah (1885–1911) - <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Muhammad Shah (reigning from 1832-1841? or 1835)</span><br /><br />Raja Jaffar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau died and the Sultan is in no hurry to appoint a successor. The Sultan saw the damage that was done to the Palace in his father's reign and decided to reemphasis and restore adat as a rule governing personal behavior and the politics. He summoned Bendahara Ali to Lingga. At Lingga, an adat-steeped function was held. The Bendahara conducted ceremonies (as per adat) aimed at reeducating the nobility and the Sultan about their respective duties and responsibilities. Islam and politics were discussed. It was attended by all the nobles from across the Empire hence, proving that 'Sultan' of Singapore is not recognized by the Malays. The ceremonies also include installation of Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar) as a Crown Prince and Tun Mutahir as Bendehara-in-waiting.<br /><br />In 1841, Bendahara Ali appoint Temenggung Ibrahim to replace his father who died in 1825. The long interval is due to displeasure of the Bendahara over the affairs of Singapore. Conditions were imposed during the appointment includes paying a visit of fealty to the ruling Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga which brings pleasure to his majesty. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah (1835–1857)</span><br /><br />'Sultan Hussein' of Singapore has died in 1835 and his prince Tengku Ali wished for the legitimacy granted to Temenggung Ibrahim. The British forwarded the request in 1841 to the Bendahara. Bendahara Ali refused to take part in this treachery. (Note the 1824 treaty, where British has no jurisdiction on affairs of Riau-Lingga sultanate, the action of Tengku Ali will annoy Britain).<br /><br />After waiting since 1835 for the 'appointment' as a Sultan, in 1852 Tengku Ali decided to 'return Johor' to the Johor Empire by paying homage to Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. For three years Johor Empire was one again except Singapore. <br /><br />Worried by the current state of affairs, the British called Tengku Ali back to Singapore on the threat of cancelling his pension. In Singapore, he is frequently visited by Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and their relations are cordial.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1855 Treaty</span><br /><br />The worried British then forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggung Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for recognition as a 'Sultan', Tengku Ali agrees to 'give up all of Johor'. The treaty merely 'confirms' the Temenggung's hold on his fief. This treaty intends to solidify the position of Temenggung Ibrahim, their key ally.<br /><br />Bendahara Ali was asked by the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar about the 1855 treaty. In his reply, the Bendahara reiterated about the Temenggung is supposed to swear fealty to his majesty and on the behavior of Tengku Ali, the Bendehara claimed ignorace. He also reiterated that he is not a party to any discussion with the British or the Dutch.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1857- Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah was deposed in Singapore</span><br /><br />The Dutch is also very worried. It seems that the Sultan is acting on his own and would not listen to any of the Dutch-influenced Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and the Bugis nobility. It erupted into a open dispute between Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and the Bugis nobility over the appointment of new Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. The Bugis preferred candidate is also the Dutch choice. The Sultan resents having another foreign-backed Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. It resulted in a deadlock that the Sultan set sail to Singapore for a cool off. It is during the Singapore trip that the last Sultan of the mighty Johore Empire was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah (1857–1883): End of Johor Empire</span><br /><br />After the ouster of the former Sultan of Johor, the Bugis nobles elected the new Sultan, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Shah, the Sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the ashes of the Johore Empire. The Sultan signed an agreement with the Dutch. In the agreement he agreed to acknowledge the overlordship of the Dutch government among others. At a stroke of a pen, he broke up the Johor Empire into 2 big parts and has given up the sovereignty of his part of territory to the Dutch. This also marked the end of the Malacca and later Johor sultanate. This division remains until today as the Malaysia-Indonesia border.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1861 Johor and Pahang - The split of the Empire</span><br /><br />As the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar was ousted and the new Sultan declared territory separate from the former Johor Empire, it was akin to a sheep slaughtered with Sultan and Riau-Lingga represented by the head. The Bendahara is now the virtual head of remnants of the Empire as per the prevailing adat. Temenggung Ibrahim of Johore understood this situation and quickly signed a treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861 . The treaty recognizes the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggung and his descendent's right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah - the last sultan</span><br /><br />Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah moved the capital from Daik, Pulau Lingga to Pulau Penyengat in Riau. Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, escaped to Singapore and was dethroned by Dutch colonist in 1911. He passed away at Teluk Belanga, Singapura on 28 December 1930.<br /><br />The approaching war in Asia, and the apparent reluctance of the Netherlands East Indies government to resist the Japanese threat, prompted the British to plan for the establishment of a buffer state in Riau. They opened discussions with the Trengganu based Tengku Omar, the Tengku Besar, with a view to his own restoration or that of one of his sons. However, when actual war ensued and their new allies, the Dutch, actively resisted Japanese attacks, the British Governor of the Straits shelved these plans.<br /><br />At the conclusion of the Second World War and the emergence of resistance to Dutch rule in 1945, several of the exiled groups in Singapore planned for and supported a new plan for a restoration. One of the most prominent of these groups, the Djawatan Koewasa Pengoeroes Rakjat Riau (DKPRR), included the son of the late Tengku Besar. Several exiled princes were prominent members of the organisation and Tengku Ibrahim, Tengku Omar's son, served as the DKPRR candidate for sultan. They were financed by wealthy Riau expatriates and Singapore Chinese businessmen with trading interests in the archipelago, all hoping to profit from mining and trading concessions from any new government that emerged. Alas, the ultimate establishment of control over the region by the Indonesian Republic and the final withdrawal of the Dutch, put paid to these designs.<br /><br />Since the late 1930's, the position of head of the house has been contested. Rival branches of the family who descend from Tengku Omar's elder half-brother Osman, claim the position for themselves. However, their rights to it remain hotly disputed. Largely, this is because Sultan 'Abdu'l Rahman had specifically ruled out both Tengku Osman and his full-brother Tengku Ismail in 1908. The reasons for his exclusion hinged on a combination of several factors. Included amongst them were the status of their mother, their uncompromising ultra-religious tendencies and opposition by the ruling Dutch authorities. The dispute over the correct interpretation of adat laws and the respective rights and obligations between the Malay and Bugis families, present a further obstacle to resolution. Consequently, feel unable to present any particular individual as the undisputed head of the house at present time.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Sultans</span><br />1818 - 9 Aug 1832 Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah<br /> ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud (b. 1780 - d. 1832)<br /> Riayat Syah <br /> 9 Aug 1832 - 1835 Sultan Muhammad Syah ibni<br /> al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Rahman (b. 1803 - d. 1841)<br /> Muadzam Syah <br /> (continues as regent for the following to 20 Jul 1841)<br />1835 - 7 Oct 1857 Sultan Mahmud Mudzafar Syah ibni (b. 1823 - d. 1864)<br /> al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad Syah<br /> 7 Oct 1857 - 17 Sep 1883 Sultan Sulaiman Badarul Alam Syah (d. 1883)<br /> ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abdul <br /> Rahman Muadzam Syah <br />13 Oct 1883 - 3 Feb 1911 Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah<br /> bin Muhammad Yusuf (b. 1851 - d. 1930)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Tuhfat al-Nafis : sejarah Riau Lingga dan daerah takluknya, 1699-1864, by Raja Ali Haji</span><br /><br />Tuhfat al-Nafis is a work of Malay literature written by Raja Ali Haji in Jawi in 1885. It records and chronicles events, especially those of the 19th century, that occurred in several Malay states. Some of the events recorded in the work are the founding of the state of Terengganu and the murder of Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Johor. Tuhfat al-Nafis means "the precious gift" in Arabic language.<br /><br />Extract from THE TUHFAT AL-NAFIS: STRUCTURE AND SOURCES(1971):<br /><br />There seem to be only three copies of the Tuhfat al-Najis still extant —one of them presents a shorter version of the Tuhfat, and the other twopresent a longer text. <br /><br />1. The MS(manuscript)of the shorter text is from the KoninklijkInstituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, (KITLV), a copy madeat Penyengat in 1896, for the Dutch Resident of Riau, A. L. van Hasselt.A note in the front of the MS. signed by van Hasselt, says that it wasa true copy of a MS. in the archives of the Yangdipertuan Muda ofRiau, and was presented to him to mark his retirement as Resident.<br />It was catalogued by Ph. S. van Ronkel5 under the title Sjadjarash Radja2 Riouw. In 1937 van der Linden mentioned this text in his De Europeaan in de Maleische Literatuur,0 where he outlines the contents of the MS. together with Winstedt's 1932 text of the Tuhfat. He makes<br />no differentiation between these texts,7 and does not explain the relationshipbetween them. Apart from the notes of van Ronkel and van der Linden, there seem to be no other references to this MS.<br />2. A longer text of the Tuhfat known as the Maxwell 2 MS., is pre: served in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society in London.8 Thisis a copy made for Sir William Maxwell, then British Resident of Selangor, in.March 1890. This MS. was mentioned-recently by Amin Sweeney, when he drew attention to the pencilled note on the fly-leaf, which reads:<br /><br />Tuhfat al-Nafis. Commenced by Raja Haji Ahamad (otherwise called Ungku Haji Tua) son of Raja Haji, who died at Riau at the age of 103 years — It was carried on and completed by his<br />son Raja Haji Ali. He died at the age of 78:<br /><br />At the end of this MS., following the text of the Tuhfat proper, is a page of later Riau history. This is exclusive to the Maxwell 2 MS., and is dated 1306 A.H. (1888-89 A.D.), which is one year before Maxwell's text was copied. This suggests as a possible stemma:<br /><br />X Tuhjat text<br />i<br />i • .<br />X Tuhjat text with added history page .<br />X Maxwell 2.<br /><br />If this is so, the Maxwell 2 MS. is a copy of a copy.<br /><br />3. The third copy of the Tuhjat is not strictly speaking a MS. at all, but a printed Jawi text, and as such is subject to printing, errors in additionto the normal scribal mistakes. This is Sir Richard Winstedt's text,10 which he says is based on a 1923 text belonging to' Tengku Fatimah, daughter of the late-nineteenth century ruler of Johore, Sultan Abu Bakar. Again, Winstedt's text is a copy of a copy, as Tengku Fatimah's text was copied from "an older MS.''.11 As this is the only published text of the Tuhjat, it is the only one which is generally known. When commentators refer to the Tuhjat al-Najis, they refer to<br />this text (or its romanized counterpart).<br /><br />(extract from THE TUHFAT AL-NAFIS: STRUCTURE AND SOURCES(1971), by V. Matheson, In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 127 (1971), no: 3, Leiden, 375-392, downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/view/1912/2673 with thanks)<br /><br />Related articles:<br /><br />1. Lingga, the Bendahara Dynasty, http://www.royalark.net/Indonesia/lingga.htm<br />2. Raja Ahmad Al Linggi, http://rajaahmad.blogspot.com/( The blogger claimed descendant of royalties of the kingdom, contained story of one of the royalties in exile and hiding in Kuala Lipis, Pahang . This blog is in Malay language)<br />3. RM Khalid, http://rmkhalid-melayu.blogspot.com/2009/07/johore-riau-kingdom-in-1718-raja-kecik.html(The blogger claimed descendant of royalties, contained some historical pictures of his ancestors)<br />4. THE TUHFAT AL-NAFIS: STRUCTURE AND SOURCES(1971), by V. Matheson, In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 127 (1971), no: 3, Leiden, 375-392, downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/view/1912/2673<br />5. Madmud, Sultan of Riao & Lingga(1823-1864), by V Mathson, download from http://www.scribd.com/doc/12809368/Mahmud-Sultan-of-Riau-Lingga-Malay-Tuhfat-AlNafis, with thanks.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-30645815443059585342010-01-29T15:38:00.000-08:002010-01-30T15:00:30.161-08:00Modern Johor Sultanate(1855 until now)Johor is a constitutional monarchy. Johor was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the constitutional monarchy system via Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Establishment Constitution) written by Sultan Abu Bakar. The constitutional head of Johor is the Sultan. This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the Johor Royal Family, who is descended from Sultan Abu Bakar. The State's Sultan since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj. His Majesty passed away on Fri, 22 Jan 2010. Tunku Ibrahim Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar was proclaimed as the new Sultan of Johor on Sat, 23 Jan 2010.<br /><br />Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called the Royal Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'. It is a private army of the Sultan of Johor located at Johor Bahru City.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Modern Johore Sultanate</span><br /><br />As the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar was ousted and the new Sultan declared territory separate from the former Johor Empire, it was akin to a sheep slaughtered with Sultan and Riau-Lingga represented by the head. The Bendahara is now the virtual head of remnants of the Empire as per the prevailing adat. Temenggung Ibrahim of Johore understood this situation and quickly signed a treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861. The treaty recognizes the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggung and his descendent's right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang.<br /><br />Temenggung Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri in southern Johor as a major city. Bandar Tanjung Puteri would later be known as Johor Bahru. Temenggung Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Temenggung Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor.<br /><br />Muar is another vassal of Old Johor Empire and is ruled by its own Raja Temenggung. At gunpoint, the Raja Temenggung and the chieftains of Muar handed over the control of Muar to Temenggung Abu Bakar in 1877; this later contributed to the Jementah Civil War. Temenggung Abu Bakar, aided by the British won decisively. Abu Bakar went to Istanbul to seek recognition as the Sultan of Johor, to allay fears of his religious credibility.<br /><br />In 1885, he went to London seeking the recognition from the British Queen, Queen Victoria on his sultanate and the Johor's independence. He is warmly accepted by the Queen and a friendship treaty was signed. After that he was formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. This sultanate has no relationship to the Old Johore Sultanate as the Johore Empire was broken up into its constituents; Pahang, Johor, Singapore(British), Lingga and Riau was separated.<br /><br />Sultan Abu Bakar introduced a constitution known as Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor and developed an efficient administration system. He founded the Modern Sultanate of Johor. He also moved the official capital city of Johor to Johor Bahru and ordered the construction of Istana Besar, the official residence of the sultan in the city. Due to these achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title "Father of Modern Johor".<br /><br />Johor also enjoyed economic prosperity. An increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, creating Johor's initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Sir Abu Bakar ibni Daing Ibrahim(1833-1895)</span><br /><br />Sultan Sir Abu Bakar ibni Daing Ibrahim (3 February 1833 – 4 June 1895) was the 21st Sultan of Johor. He was also informally known as "The Father of Modern Johor", as many historians accredited Johor's development in the 19th century to Abu Bakar's leadership. He initiated policies and provided aids to ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs to stimulate the development of the state's agricultural economy which was founded by Chinese migrants from Southern China in the 1840s. He also took charge of the development of Johor's infrastructure, administrative system, military and civil service, all of which were modelled closely along Western lines.<br /><br />Abu Bakar was noted for his diplomatic skills, and both the British and Malay rulers had approached him for advice in making important decisions. He was also an avid traveller, and became the first Malay ruler to travel to Europe during his first visit to England in 1866. In particular, Abu Bakar became a lifetime friend of Queen Victoria in his later years. Abu Bakar's friendship with Queen Victoria played an important role in shaping Johor's relationships with Britain, and was the only state by the end of the 19th century in the Peninsular Malaya to maintain autonomy in its internal affairs as the British Colonial Government pushed for greater control over the Malay states by placing a British Resident in the states. He was also an Anglophile, and many of his personal habits and decisions were aligned to European ideas and tastes.<br /><br />Abu Bakar became the soverign ruler of Johor when his father, Temenggong Daing Ibrahim died in 1862. Six years later, Abu Bakar changed his legal state title of "Temenggong" to "Maharaja". In 1885, Abu Bakar sought legal recognition from Britain for another change in his legal state title of "Maharaja" to a regnal title of "Sultan", and was proclaimed the following year. In all, Abu Bakar's reign lasted for thirty-two years until his death in 1895.<br /><br />Early years<br />Wan Abu Bakar was born on 3 February 1833 in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. He was the oldest son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, who in turn was a descendant of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV, the first Sultan of Johor's Bendahara dynasty. Abu Bakar spent his childhood years in his father's kampung in Teluk Blanga; at a young age he was tutored by local teachers on Islam and Adat (traditional Malay law),[9] before he was sent to the Teluk Blanga Malay school, a mission school run by Reverend Benjamin Peach Keasberry. Under the guidance of the missionary teachers, Abu Bakar was observed to develop the manners of an English gentleman, and the ability to speak fluent English in addition to his native Malay.<br /><br />In 1851, the Temenggong delegated Abu Bakar, then an eighteen-year old youth, to assist him in negotiation efforts against Sultan Ali, who was making frivolous attempts to claim sovereignty rights over Johor. As the Temenggong aged, he gradually delegated his state administrative duties to Abu Bakar. During this period, several British officers praised of Abu Bakar's excellent diplomatic skills, as mentioned in William Napier's diaries, who was the senior law agent of Singapore. Napier had accompanied Abu Bakar to fetch Tengku Teh, the mother of the deposed Sultan of Lingga, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah to Johor shortly after her son began to exert sovereignty claims over Pahang.<br /><br />The outbreak of the Pahang Civil War the following year saw Abu Bakar befriending Tun Mutahir, whom he provided support for his war efforts. Abu Bakar married Mutahir's daughter in 1860 during a visit in Pahang, and the following year he signed a treaty of friendship, alliance and a guarantee of mutual support with Mutahir in 1861. Meanwhile, Temenggong Ibrahim was already suffering from a prolonged period of ill health, and a bout of high fever resulted in his death on 31 January 1862<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">As Temenggong</span><br /><br />(i) Against the deposed sultan<br /><br />Abu Bakar assumed office as the Temenggong of Johor within three days of his father's demise. At the time of his succession, Johor was facing a political threat from the deposed Sultan, Mahmud Muzaffar Shah. The Sultan was pursuing his sovereignty claims over Johor and Pahang and aimed to overthrow the Sultan of Terengganu with the backing of the Siamese. Mahmud Muzaffar Shah established an alliance with the Wan Ahmad, a brother and arch-rival to the Bendahara Tun Koris. The alliance ignited the concern of Abu Bakar that the fall of Pahang would bring Abu Bakar's political position in Johor under threat. Abu Bakar signed a treaty of friendship with Tun Koris in June 1862, and sent a small expeditionary force to aid Wan Ahmad in his war efforts in Pahang when war broke out in August 1862 and much of 1863.<br /><br />(ii) Kapitan Cina<br />Within the first two years of his reign, Abu Bakar began issuing Western-style contracts (termed as Surat Sungai in Malay, literally "River Documents") to the Kapitan Cina (Chinese leaders) who have established plantations along river banks in Johor. Letters of authority (Surat Kuasa) were issued when the first Chinese leaders began settling in Johor during the 1850s. Abu Bakar quickly established goodwill relations with the Kapitan Cina; one Malay administrator who was able to speak the Teochew dialect (the language spoken by most Kapitan Cina) and read Chinese was employed for these purposes. He also employed the service of a Chinese contractor from Toisan, Wong Ah Fook, to oversee the construction of Istana Besar.<br /><br />As various Chinese dialect groups began to compete for commercial interests in the 1850s and 1860s which led to communal violence, Abu Bakar and the Kapitan Cina in Johor (who were mainly migrants from Chaozhou) tried to assimilate Chinese entrepreneurs of non-Teochew origin. Abu Bakar gave official recognition and support for the Johor branch of the Ngee Ann Kongsi, which was seen as a secret society in Singapore at that time. As Johor prospered from the large revenues generated from the gambier and pepper plantations managed by the Kapitan Cina, Abu Bakar gave generous provisions to the Kapitan Cina in recognition for their contributions to the state; among his beneficiaries was a long-time family friend, Tan Hiok Nee, who was given a seat in the state council. The plantations operated relatively independently of the state government, and Abu Bakar had raised fears on the possible dangers that the plantations may face in the event of an economic crisis. Shortly after a financial crisis broke out in Singapore in 1864, Abu Bakar implemented a series of regulations on these plantations, as many of them were owned by Chinese businessmen from Singapore. The Kapitan Cina and the Singapore Chamber of Commerce were particularly disturbed by the new regulations, and accused Abu Bakar of attempting to impose a trade monopoly over Johor. The British government pressured Abu Bakar to retract the regulations, which he did so in January 1866. In addition, the Kapitan Cina also faced considerable difficulties in securing new agreements with Abu Bakar. The crisis was only resolved in 1866 after Abu Bakar designated five new ports for the registration of cargo, and the British softened their animosity against Abu Bakar<br /><br />(iii) Muar<br />Abu Bakar's relationship with the ruler of Muar, Sultan Ali were strained. Shortly after Abu Bakar took his office from his late father, he sent a letter to Sultan Ali to assert Johor's sovereignty over Segamat, which Sultan Ali had hoped to exert political influence upon. In addition, Sultan Ali, who had borrowed a large sum of money from an Indian moneylender in 1860, became a source of irritation for Abu Bakar. Facing difficulties with paying back his debts to the moneylender, Sultan Ali called upon Abu Bakar to divert the payment of his monthly pension to the moneylender but alternated between recalling back the course of payment to himself and the moneylender. In 1866, when the moneylender lodged a complaint to the British government, Sultan Ali attempted to borrow a sum of money from Abu Bakar to repay his outstanding debts. As a result of these constant irritations, Abu Bakar (by then a Maharaja) persuaded the British governor to sign an agreement with the power to terminate payment of Sultan Ali's pension at the agreement of Abu Bakar and the British governor<br /><br />(iv) New Capital Johor Bahru & Administration<br />Abu Bakar made revisions to Johor's Islamic code in 1863 shortly after the Sultan of Terengganu made extensive modifications to his state's Islamic judicial system more closely aligned with those of Syariah law. In a letter to the Straits Governor, Abu Bakar expressed hope that his revisions would suit more comfortably with European ideas. He founded an English school in Tanjung Puteri in 1864. Two years later, Abu Bakar moved the administrative headquarters to Tanjung Puteri, and officially renamed it as Johor Bahru. A new administration was set up, which was modeled after European styles and certain elements of a traditional Malay government. He recruited some of his close relatives and classmates which he had met during his days at the Teluk Blanga Malay school into the bureaucracy, and also set up an advisory council which included two Chinese leaders. In the early 1870s, the Governor of Straits Settlements, Sir Harry Ord, mentioned of Abu Bakar (who became a Maharaja in 1868) as the "only Raja in the whole peninsula or adjoining states who rules in accordance with the practice of civilized nations."<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">As Maharaja(1868-1885)</span><br />During a state visit to England in 1866, Abu Bakar was commonly addressed as the "Maharaja" of Johor and led him to realise that the Malay title of Temenggong was hardly known to the Western World. He contemplated a change of another title, which led him to send his cousin, Ungku Haji Muhammad and the Dato Bentara, Dato Jaafar to meet the Bugis historian, Raja Ali Haji who was residing in Riau. Raja Ali supported Abu Bakar's cause, after they did a cross examination and concluded that the past office holders had wielded actual control over the affairs of Johor, rather than the Sultans of the Bendahara dynasty. In addition, questions pertaining to Abu Bakar's pursuits to clamour for recognition were also sidelined as he was able to trace his ancestry to the first Sultan of the Bendahara dynasty, Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV by his patrilineal ancestors. The Sultan of Lingga, gave his approval for a formal recognition of Abu Bakar as the Maharaja of Johor, after Ungku Haji and Dato Jaafar travelled to Lingga and presented their claims. Abu Bakar also secured approval from the Governor of the Straits Settlements for his change in title, and was officially proclaimed as the Maharaja of Johor on 30 June 1868<br /><br />In the mid 1870s, the Straits Governor, William Jervois contemplated on placing Maharaja Abu Bakar as the overlord of the chiefs in Negeri Sembilan after the British failed to quell the sectarian violence in Sungai Ujong. Abu Bakar's client, Tunku Antah was placed as the Yam Tuan of the Sri Menanti confederacy (comprising of several small states within the region), and Abu Bakar was made the adviser of Negeri Sembilan (except Sungai Ujong) in 1878. Abu Bakar was believed to have nursed expansionist ambitions, which was suggested by his involvement in the Pahang Civil War between 1857 and 1864. A later governor, Frederick Weld, aspired for stronger British control over the Malay states and was weary of Abu Bakar's influence. The chiefs were lukewarm to the prospect of Johor's sphere of influence over Negeri Sembilan, and in 1881 Weld convinced the chiefs within the Sri Menanti confederacy to deal directly with Singapore rather than with Abu Bakar. British officers were also appointed to oversee the affairs in 1883 and 1887, and were gradually given the powers similar to that of a British resident.<br /><br />After Sultan Ali's death in 1877, the Raja Temenggong of Muar and its village chieftains voted in favour of a merger of Muar with Johor following a succession dispute between two of Sultan Ali's sons. Sultan Ali's oldest son, Tengku Alam, disputed the legitimacy of the chieftains' wishes and staked his hereditary claims over Muar. Tengku Alam instigated the 1879 Jementah Civil War in a bid to reclaim Muar, but was quickly crushed by the Maharaja's forces. During the 1880s, Abu Bakar actively encouraged the Chinese leaders to set up new gambier and pepper plantations in Muar.<br /><br />Meanwhile, Weld's continued efforts to keep Abu Bakar's political influence in check and relations between Johor and Singapore became increasingly strained. Abu Bakar was reportedly said to be increasingly reluctant to accept advice from the British-appointed state lawyers, and increasingly turned to his private lawyers which he had employed.[30] Weld voiced his intent to place a Resident in Johor, which prompted Abu Bakar to make a trip to England in August 1884 to negotiate new terms with the British Colonial Office. The Assistant Under-Secretary of the Colonial Office, Robert Meade, conceded to Abu Bakar's request for an absence of a British Resident in Johor, although Abu Bakar gave an in-principle acceptance for an British adviser in Johor (though none was appointed until 1914).[31] An agreement was drawn up, and Abu Bakar was promised control over internal affairs in exchange for British control over foreign affarirs pertaining to the state.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Years as Sultan (1885-1895)</span><br /><br />The Bendahara of Pahang, Wan Ahmad, was proclaimed Sultan in 1881. Abu Bakar, who was weary of the increasingly hostile political environment imposed by Weld, considered the importance of the superior moral authority that was accorded to a "Sultan" than to a "Maharaja". In 1885, Abu Bakar instituted the creation of a state postal and judiciary system modelled along British lines, as well as a military force, the Johor Military Forces (Malay: Askar Timbalan Setia) upon his return to Johor.<br /><br />During his stay in London in late 1885, Abu Bakar expressed his desire to Meade for a formal recognition as the Sultan of Johor. He also met up with Queen Victoria, who had become a personal friend of Abu Bakar, within the same course of his visit. Queen Victoria consented to his wishes, and a treaty was signed on 11 December 1885 which formalised relations between Great Britain and Johor, was concluded between Abu Bakar and the Colonial Office. Abu Bakar also founded the state advisory board in London, which was intended to oversee state interests in London. Several retired officers from the Colonial Office, including William Fielding and Cecil Smith were personally appointed by Abu Bakar to oversee the board's administration.<br /><br />The formal recognition of the British by Abu Bakar as the Sultan of Johor quickly drew criticisms among the Malays in Johor. A pantun circulated among the Malays in Johor, which poked jibes at Abu Bakar's background, became very popular. Many Malays were coy on accepting Abu Bakar as their paramount ruler, as they were skeptical of Abu Bakar's Temenggong political origins and Buginese heritage. Furthermore, his affinity with Western culture did not go down well with the culturally-conservative Malays. A proclamation ceremony was held on 13 February 1886, whereby Abu Bakar made an official announcement on his adoption of the title "Sultan" in place of "Maharaja".[39] In the same year on 31 July, Abu Bakar instituted the first state decorations, Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Dihormati (also translated into English as "The Most Esteemed Family Order of Johor") and the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (Order of the Crown of Johor).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Wong Ah Fook, the contractor</span><br />Abu Bakar employed the service of a Chinese contractor and long-time acquaintance, Wong Ah Fook, to oversee the development of Johor Bahru. The Johor Archives showed that Wong was the largest building contractor at that time and had been involved in at least twenty public works projects between 1887 and 1895. In addition, Wong was contracted to oversee the construction of the state mosque and several palaces under the direction of Abu Bakar.[41] As a gratitude to Wong's contributions to the state, Abu Bakar granted him a plot of land in the heart of Johor Bahru in 1892. Wong then oversaw the construction of a village, Kampong Ah Fook, as well as a road, Jalan Wong Ah Fook on the land that he was granted<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar Al-Masyhur ibni Abu Bakar, GCMG, GBE, (17 September 1873–8 May 1959)</span> <br /><br />Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar Al-Masyhur ibni Abu Bakar, GCMG, GBE, (17 September 1873–8 May 1959) was the 22nd Sultan of Johor, in Malaysia. He was known as one of the richest men in the world during his reign.<br /><br />An Anglophile, Sultan Ibrahim continued the policy of friendly relations with the crown of the United Kingdom, often manipulating his friendship with the reigning kings of Britain to thwart the expansionist ambitions of the British Colonial Office.<br /><br />He became highly unpopular later due to him being known as an Anglophile and opposed to Malayan independence. This led him to spend most of his time away from his state, travelling to Europe, particularly Britain.<br /><br />In 1914, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, was forced to accept a British Adviser and effectively became a crown protectorate of the Britain. D.G. Campbell was dispatched as the first British advisor to Johor.<br /><br />Sultan Ibrahim passed away in London in 1959 and replaced by Sultan Ismail. Sultan ruled until 1981 and was replaced by Sultan Iskandar. Sultan Iskandar passed away on 22 January 2010, and replaced by his son Tunku Mahkota Johor Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, who proclaimed as the next Sultan of Johor(Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj)on 23 January 2010.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">World War II and Malaysia</span><br /><br />The Second World War broke out in 1939 and Japan invaded British Malaya in December 1941. The British, who were responsible for Johor's defense, were swiftly defeated by the Japanese and retreated to Singapore to make a stand. Japan occupied Johor from 1942 to 1945. Singapore fell to the Japanese on 15 February 1942.<br /><br />With the end of the war, the British came back and in 1946, Johor became part of the Malayan Union. Opposition to the Union by Malay nationalists, led by Dato' Onn Jaafar, however forced its dissolution and in 1948, the state joined a new federation called Malaya. It achieved independence in 1957 along with the rest of the Malay Peninsula, and later in 1963, it was one of the fourteen states that formed Malaysia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Chronological list of rulers</span><br /><br />Temenggung<br />Temenggung Daing Tun Ibrahim 1855 - 1862<br />Wan Abu Bakar Daing Ibrahim 1862 - 1868<br /><br />Maharaja<br />Abu Bakar Daing Ibrahim 1868= 1885<br /><br />Sultan<br />Sir Abu Bakar Daing Ibrahim 1885 - 1895<br />Ibrahim Iskandar Al-Masyhur 1895 - 1959<br />Ismail Al-Khalidi Ibrahim Al-Masyhur 1959 - 1981<br />Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj Ismail Al-Khalidi1981 - 2010<br />Ibrahim Ismail 2010 - now<br /><br />Tunku Ibrahim Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar was proclaimed as the new Sultan of Johor on Sat, 23 Jan 2010.<br /><br />Related articles:<br />1. Abu Bakar of Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abu_Bakar_of_Johor<br />2. Ibrahim of Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ibrahim_of_Johor<br />3. Ismail of Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ismail_of_Johor<br />4. Iskandar of Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_of_Johor<br />5. Ibrahim Ismail of Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Ismail_of_Johor<br />6. Tunku Ismail Ibrahim, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunku_Ismail_Ibrahim<br />7. Johor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor<br />8. Johor Sultanate, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_SultanateBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-37660481261706087602010-01-29T14:53:00.000-08:002010-02-01T21:49:23.422-08:00Johor Empire(1528-1857)<span style="font-weight:bold;">The Old Johor Empire(1528 - 1857)</span> <br /><br />The Sultanate of Johor (or sometimes Johor-Riau or Johor-Riau-Lingga or more correctly Johor Empire) was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shah's son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Johor was part of the Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese conquered Malacca's capital in 1511. At its height, the sultanate controlled modern-day Johor, Riau and parts of southeastern Sumatra. In 1946, it became part of the Malayan Union. Two years later, it joined the Federation of Malaya and subsequently, the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.<br /><br />The Royal house of Lingga represents the junior branch of the Royal house of Johor, descendants of Sayyid 'Aidarus of Aceh in Sumatra, originally from the Hadramaut in Southern Arabia . His descendants eventually came to rule over four states, Johor, Trengganu and Pahang in Malaysia and Lingga in Indonesia. On the death of Sultan Mahmud Shah III of Johor, a dispute over the succession ensued because he had not named a definite heir. The British supported his eldest son by a non-Royal wife and the Dutch his younger half-brother. After a long period of dispute between the two branches, and between their colonial supports, a settlement was reached in 1824. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of London settled the boundaries of their spheres of influence, and two separate states emerged: Johor under British protection, and Riau-Lingga under the Dutch. The Sultan settled on Lingga and his Viceroy, at his stronghold on Riau The direct male line of the Royal house ended with the death of Sultan Sulaiman II in 1883. After a brief interregnum, the Dutch chose a grand nephew to succeed him as Sultan 'Abdu'l-Rahman II Mu'azzam Shah.<br /><br />The new Sultan was a descendant of the Malay Royal house in the female line, and in the male line, from the Bugis viceregal house of Riau. His choice by the Dutch authorities did not meet with universal approval. A des cendant of the Bugis line, his selection contravened the traditional adat between the Bugis and Malays. That pact called for the separation of powers and offices between the two races. They followed this breach of customary law by a poorly disguised plan to impose stricter conditions on the sultanate. Learning of these moves, the Sultan refused to sign the new contract, destroyed his palace, collected his family and sailed for Singapore. There, he appealed to the British for help. The Governor of the Straits Settlements, while providing sanctuary, would not intervene beyond facilitating negotiations with the reluctant Dutch authorities. Protracted but ultimately abortive negotiations ensued over a long period, but without success. The Sultan, at one point offered to abdicate in favour of one the sons of his heir, the Tengku Besar. Nothing came of these negotiations because of Dutch intransigence. The Sultan died in exile in Singapore in 1930, without accomplishing his mission. Soon after his death, four or five princes from various branches of the family presented themselves as candidates for recognition as Sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Fall of Malacca and the Beginnings of the Old Johore Sultanate</span><br />In 1511, Malacca fell to the Portuguese and Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca. The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese position.<br /><br />Based at Pekan Tua, Sungai Telur, Johor, the Johor Sultanate was founded by Raja Ali Ibni Sultan Mahmud Melaka, known as Sultan Alauddin Kiayat Shah (1528–1564), with his Queen Tun Fatimah in 1528. Although Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah and his successor had to contend with attacks by the Portuguese in Malacca and by the Acehnese in Sumatra, they managed to maintain their hold on the Johor Sultanate.<br /><br />Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship and it helped to convince the Portuguese to destroy the exiled sultan's forces. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra and died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah.<br /><br />Muzaffar Shah continued on to establish Perak while Alauddin Riayat Shah became the first sultan of Johor.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Wars: Triangular war </span><br /><br />The new sultan established a new capital by the Johor River and from there, continued to harass the Portuguese in the north. He consistently worked together with his brother in Perak and the sultan of Pahang to retake Malacca, which by this time was protected by the fort A Famosa.<br /><br />On the northern part of Sumatra around the same period, Aceh was beginning to gain substantial influence over the Straits of Malacca. With the fall of Malacca to Christians' hands, Muslim traders often skipped Malacca in favor of Aceh. Therefore, Malacca and Aceh became direct competitors.<br /><br />With the Portuguese and Johor frequently locking horns, Aceh launched multiple raids against both sides in order to tighten its grip on the straits. The rise of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a truce and divert their attention to Aceh. The truce, however, was short-lived and with Aceh severely weakened, Johor and the Portuguese had each other in their sights again.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Acheh attack 1613</span><br />In 1613, Acheh attacked Johore and in the battle of Batu Sawar. Johore was defeated and the Royal Family and Tun Sri Lanang was captured and brought to Acheh. The Bendaharaship was continued by his descendants. His notable descendants include Bendehara Tun Habib Abdul Majid and the Raja Temenggung of Muar. In Aceh, a brief "reeducation" of the Johor Royal Family and was allow returned to Johore. Tun Sri Lanang elected to stay in Acheh. He became advisor to the third Sultan of Acheh and was bestowed an Acheh honirific title. He was awarded a personal fief in Samalanga, Aceh in 1613 and held the title Uleebalang of Samalanga. He died in 1659 in Samalanga.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Dutch Malacca</span><br /><br />In the early 17th century, the Dutch reached Southeast Asia. The Dutch were no friend of the Portuguese and allied themselves with Johor. A treaty was signed by Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff on behalf of the Dutch and the Bendehara of Johor in 1608. Finally in 1641, the Dutch and Johor forces headed by Bendahara Skudai, defeated the Portuguese. The Malay warriors fought valiantly and managed to open the gates of Malacca. And the Dutch finished off the Portuguese after that. For Johor, the defeat of the Portuguese is honor restored. As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with Johor. Malacca then became a Dutch territory and remained so until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Jahor- Jambi War</span><br />During the triangular war, within the Johor empire, Jambi emerged as a regional economic and political power. Soon in 1666, it tried to break free from Johor and between 1666 and 1673, a civil war erupted between Johor and the Sumatran state. The war was disastrous for Johor as Johor's capital, Batu Sawar, was sacked by Jambi. After the sack, the capital of Johor was frequently moved to avoid the threat of attack from Jambi.<br /><br />In their efforts to keep the sultanate together, the ruler's shifted their centre of power many times from Pekan Tua to Johor Lama (Kota Batu), Seluyut, Tanah Puteh, Batu Sawar and Makam Tauhid during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623–1677). Johor emerged as the most powerful authority along the Straits of Malacca during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III.<br /><br />Throughout the decade, Jambi continued to exert extraordinary influence on Johor. In 1679 however, Laksamana Tun Abdul Jalil paid Bugis mercenaries to fight alongside Johor against Jambi. Soon afterward, Jambi was brought to its knees.<br /><br />Laksamana Tun Abdul Jalil was made Bendahara of Johor, succeeding Tun Sri Lanang who went into exile in Aceh. Tun Abdul Jalil was the de-facto ruler when Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Johor ascended to the throne in 1685.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Glory days of Johor Empire</span><br /><br />As a result of his good relationship, Johor's trade along the Straits of Malacca was left undisturbed. Thus in the 17th century, with Malacca ceased to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power in the region. The policies of the Dutch in Malacca drove traders to Riau. The trade of Riau (the seaport for the Johore Sultanate) had far surpassed that of Malacca. The VOC maintained the alliance with Johore, despite the discontent of Malacca, for the Dutch East India Company. The strength of Johore was seen as a safeguard to the peaceful trade in the Straits.<br /><br />The Sultan provided all the facility required by the traders. Under the patronage of the Johor elites, traders are protected and prospered. With wide range of goods available and favorable prices, Riau boomed. Ships from various places such as Cambodia, Siam, Vietnam and all over the Malay Archipelago came to trade. The Bugis ships made Riau the centre for spices. In Riau, items found in China or example, cloth and opium were traded with locally sourced ocean and forest products, tin, pepper and locally grown gambier. Duties were low, and cargoes could be discharged or stored easily. Traders found they do not need to extend credit, for the business is good.<br /><br />Like Malacca before it, Riau is also the centre of Islamic studies and propagation. Many orthodox scholars from the Moslem heartlands like India and Arabia were maintained in special religious hostels, while devotees of Sufism could seek initiation into one of the many tarika or Sufi Brotherhood which flourished in Riau. In many ways, Riau managed to recapture some of the old Malacca glory. Both became prosperous due to trade but there is a major difference, Malacca was also great due to its territorial conquest.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bugis and Minangkabau influence in the kingdom(Raja Sulaiman Vs Raja Kechil</span><br /><br />The last sultan from the Malaccan dynasty, Sultan Mahmud Shah II, is a person with unstable disposition. When Bendahara Habib was the Bendehara, he(Bendehara) effectively shielded the people from his majesty's idiosyncrasies. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Tun Habib Abdul Majid (1637–27 July 1697)</span><br />19th Bendahara of the Johor Sultanate during the late 16th century. The Johor Sultanate under Sultan Mahmud Shah II who belonged to the Malacca-Johor royal family with declining authority during Tun Habib's tenure as Bendahara. Tun Habib consolidated his power, and monopolised legitimate authority over the Johor Sultanate by the 1690s.<br />Referencing to some articles including ‘Ahlul-Bait Rasulullah s.a.w dan Raja Melayu’ written by Muzafar Mohamad dan Suzana M. Osman, and ‘Salasilah Sultan-Sultan Riau-Lingga’ stated that Bendahara Tun Habib ‘Abdul Majid was from the ancestry of Rasululah s.a.w. (Ahlul-Bait). Tun Habib's mother was of Malay ethnicity; while his father was of mixed ancestry. His great-grandfather, Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidrus, was a Hadhrami Arab immigrant who settled in Aceh and married the daughter of Sultan Alauddin Mansyur Shah. Their son, Sayyid Zainal Abidin, migrated to Johor and married the granddaughter of Tun Sri Lanang by his son, Tun Jenal, the 5th Bendahara of Sekudai. It was from this union that the Maharaja Sri Diraja, the Dato Pasir Diraja (Sayyid Ja'afar) and Putri Bakal were born. Putri Bakal was believed to have later married Sultan Mahmud Shah II. Tun Habib later died in Padang Saujana, Kota Tinggi in 1697, where he was buried. Tun Habib had several sons by different wives, all of whom rose to influential positions. He had at least six sons: Tun (Habib) Abdul Jalil, Tun Abdullah, Tun Abdul Jamal, Tun Mas Anum, Tun Zainal Abidin and Tun Mas Jiwa were all later appointed as Bendaharas. Among these sons, Tun Abdul Jalil and Tun Zainal Abidin later established their own independent ruling houses in Johor-Riau and Terengganu respectively.<br /><br />After the demise of Bendehara Habib, the Bendehara was replaced by his eldest son Bendahara Abdul Jalil. As the Bendahara was only a cousin, the Bendehara could not rein any more his idiosyncrasies. Few bizarre behavior is attributed to him.<br /><br />The Sultan ordered the pregnant wife of Orang Kaya Megat Sri Rama killed, as she took a slice of the royal jackfruit. Subsequently the Sultan was killed by Megat Sri Rama. Sultan Mahmud Shah II of Johor died in 1699 without an heir. The Orang Kayas are in a fix. They went to Muar to meet Sa Akar DiRaja, Raja Temenggung of Muar, the Sultan's uncle and asked for his counsel. He pointed that Bendahara Abdul Jalil shall inherit the throne . The problem was quickly solved when the viceroy Bendahara Abdul Jalil was declared the new sultan and called Sultan Abdul Jalil IV. Many particularly, the Orang Laut (islanders from Johor maritime territories), however felt that the declaration was improper.(Note: Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil IV Ri’ayat Shah bin Dato Bendahara Tun Habib ‘Abdul Majid, son of Bendahara Tun Habib,not from Malacca sultanate bloodline). This end the sultanate from Malacca Dynasty and begin the Bendahara Dynasty. <br /><br />The Bugis, which played an important role in defeating Jambi two decades earlier, had a huge influence in Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realized how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. The Minangkabau introduced a Minangkabau prince, Raja Kecil from Siak who claimed he was the posthumous son of Sultan Mahmud II. The prince met with the Bugis and promised the Bugis wealth and political power if they helped the prince to win the throne. However, Raja Kecil broke his promise and installed himself as the new sultan of Johor (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah) without the knowledge of the Bugis. Sultan Abdul Jalil IV fled to Pahang where he was later killed by an assassin hired by Raja Kecil at Kuala Pahang. <br /><br />Dissatisfied with Raja Kecil's accession, the son of Sultan Abdul Jalil IV, Raja Sulaiman, asked Daeng Parani of the Bugis to aid him in his quest to reclaim the throne. In 1722, Raja Kecil was dethroned by Raja Sulaiman's supporters with Bugis assistance. Raja Sulaiman became the new Sultan of Johore, but he was a weak ruler and became a puppet of the Bugis. Daeng Parani's brother, Daeng Merewah, who was made Yam Tuan Muda (crown prince) was the man who actually controlled Johor.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The fall of the Old Johor Sultanate</span><br /><br />In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the governor of Bencoolen on western Sumatra. However, he was convinced that the British needed to establish a new base in Southeast Asia in order to compete with the Dutch. Though many in the British East India Company opposed such an idea, Raffles managed to convince Lord Hastings of the Company, then Governor General of British India, to side with him. With the governor general's consent, he and his expedition set out to search for a new base.<br /><br />Raffles' expedition arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819. He discovered a small Malay settlement at the mouth of Singapore River headed by a Temenggung (governor) of Johor. Though the island was nominally ruled by the sultanate, the political situation there was extremely murky. The current sultan, Tengku Abdul Rahman, was under the influence of the Dutch and the Bugis. Hence, he would never agree to a British base in Singapore.<br /><br />However, Tengku Abdul Rahman was ruler only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein or Tengku Long, had been away in Pahang getting married when their father died in 1812. He was appointed by the Yam Tuan Muda of Riau, Raja Jaafar because according to him, in a Malay tradition, a person has to be by the dying sultan's side in order to be considered as the new ruler. However the matter has to be decided by the Bendehara as the "keeper of adat". Predictably, the older brother was not happy with the development.<br /><br />Raja Jaafar's sister, the queen of the late Sultan, protested vehemently at her brother's actions with these prophetic words, "...Which adat of succession is being followed? Unfair deeds like this will cause the Johor Sultanate be destroyed!!!". And she held on the royal regalia refusing to surrender it.<br /><br />Bendehara Ali was made aware of the affairs of the succession and decided to act. He prepared his fleet of boats to Riau to "restore the adat". The British upon knowing this despatched a fleet and setup a blockade to stop the forces of Bendehara Ali from advancing.<br /><br />With the Temenggung's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Hussein, then living in exile on one of the Riau Islands, back into Singapore.According a correspondence between Tengku Hussain and his brother, he left for Singapore out of his concern of his son's safety. Unfortunately he was captured by Raffles and forced to make a deal. Their agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the "legitimate ruler" of "Johor", and thus Tengku Hussein and the Temenggung would receive a yearly stipend from the British. In return, Tengku Hussein would allow Raffles to establish a trading post in Singapore. This treaty was ratified on 6 February 1819.<br /><br />Bendehara Ali was requested by the British to recognize Tengku Hussein as a ruler. However, Bendehara Ali has stated that he has no connection with the events in Singapore , as it is the Temenggung's fief and stated that his loyalty lies with the Sultan of Johor in Lingga.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty</span><br />The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. Tensions between the Dutch and British over Singapore persisted until 1824, when they signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. Under the terms of that treaty, the Dutch officially withdrew their opposition to the British presence in Singapore. Many historians contend that the treaty divided the spheres of influence between the Dutch and the English; Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the state of Riau-Lingga which exists de jure after the ouster of the last Sultan of Johor. However this treaty is signed secretly without the knowledge of the local nobility including the Sultan and thus its legitimacy is called into question. <br /><br />The British successfully sidelined Dutch political influence by proclaiming Sultan Hussein as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore to acquire legal recognition in their sphere of influence in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. The legitimacy of Sultan Hussein's proclamation as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore, was by all accounts not recognised by the Malay rulers and his title only served as a nominal title. Temenggong Abdul Rahman's position, on the other hand, was strengthened as the signing of the treaties detached him the influence of Raja Ja'afar. Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Rahman was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822, complete with the royal regalia. Sultan Abdul Rahman, who had devoted himself to religion, became contented with his political sphere of influence in Lingga, where his family continued to maintain his household under the administrative direction of Raja Ja'afar who ruled under the auspices of the Dutch.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Interested Parties in the Treaty</span><br /><br />The actors on this stage are three parties; the Colonial powers of British and the Dutch; the nobles who made agreement with the Dutch namely Raja Jaafar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and Temenggung Abdul Rahman, of Johore and Singapore ; the palace namely the Sultan and Bendahara who is not aware of any treaty signed without their knowledge.[16] Because the treaties are not ratified by the Sultan or the Bendahara, the Malays do not pay heed to any action of the Colonial powers.<br /><br />The Yam Tuan Muda has committed treachery by "selling" the sovereignty of Johore[17], however it does not hold as the Sultan or the Bendahara is not a party to the treaty. It is wrong to pass judgements on the Sultan as not obeying the 1830 treaty. The treaty was signed in secret[18] and details were only known in 1855. In actuality, the Sultan is excersizing his sovereign right in demanding loyalty from fiefdoms in the Johore Empire. As for the Temenggung, he is strengthening his position and in preparation of any changes to fate of the Sultanate, preparing to have friendship with Great Britain and sharing the spoils with Britain at the demise of the Sultanate. This is especially true for the son of Temenggung Ibrahim, the ambitious Temenggung (and later Sultan) Abu Bakar who plans to be Sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Attempt to consolidate power</span><br />Sultan Abdul Rahman died in 1832 and was replaced by his son, Sultan Muhammad Shah (reigning from 1832-1841). Raja Jaffar, Yam Tuan Muda of Riau died and the Sultan is in no hurry to appoint a successor. The Sultan saw the damage that was done to the Palace in his father's reign and decided to reemphasis and restore adat[19] as a rule governing personal behavior and the politics. He summoned Bendahara Ali to Lingga. At Lingga, an adat-steeped function[20] was held. The Bendahara conducted ceremonies (as per adat) aimed at reeducating the nobility and the Sultan about their respective duties and responsibilities. Islam and politics were discussed. It was attended by all the nobles from across the Empire hence, proving that 'Sultan' of Singapore is not recognized by the Malays. The ceremonies also include istallation of Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar) as a Crown Prince and Tun Mutahir as Bendehara-in-waiting.<br /><br />In 1841, Bendahara Ali appoint Temenggung Ibrahim [21] to replace his father who died in 1825. The long interval is due to displeasure of the Bendahara over the affairs of Singapore. Conditions were imposed during the appointment includes paying a visit of fealty to the ruling Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga which brings pleasure to his majesty. 'Sultan Hussein' of Singapore has died in 1835 and his prince Tengku Ali wished for the legitimacy granted to Temenggung Ibrahim. The British forwarded the request in 1841 to the Bendahara. Bendahara Ali refused to take part in this treachery.<br /><br />After waiting since 1835 for the 'appointment' as a Sultan, in 1852 Tengku Ali decided to 'return Johor' to the Johor Empire by paying homage to Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar in Lingga. For three years Johor Empire was one again except Singapore. Worried by the current state of affairs, the British called Tengku Ali back to Singapore on the threat of cancelling his pension. In Singapore, he is frequently visited by Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and their relations are cordial.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Johor rule in Singapore</span><br /><br />The territory controlled by the Johore Riau Lingga Pahang Sultanate in the late eighteenth century still included Singapore as part of its territory. The sultanate had become increasingly weakened by a division into a Malay faction, which controlled the peninsula and Singapore, and a Bugis faction which controlled the Riau Archipelago and Sumatra. When Sultan Mahmud Riayat Shah III died in 1812, the Bugis had proclaimed the younger of his two sons, Abdul Rahman, as sultan instead of the elder son, Tengku Long. While the sultan was the nominal ruler of his domain, senior officials actually governed the sultanate. In control of Singapore and the neighboring islands was Temenggong Abdul Rahman, Tengku Long’s father-in-law. In 1818, he and some of his followers left Riau for Singapore shortly after the Dutch signed a treaty with the Sultan Abdul Rahman, allowing the Dutch to station a garrison at Riau.<br /><br />In 1819, Tengku Long signed a treaty with the British led by Sir Stamford Raffles. In exchange for British protection and recognising him as Sultan of Johore, Tengku Long agreed to allow the British to establish a trading post in Singapore. Proclaimed as Sultan Hussein Shah, he became the Sultan of Johore.<br /><br />In 1835, Sultan Hussein Shah died and was succeeded by his eldest son, Tengku Ali. Sultan Hussein had signed away his rights over the island in exchange for the land at Kampong Gelam plus an annual stipend for his family. After the Sultan's death, disputes broke out among his descendants. In the late 1890s, they went to court, where it was decided that no one in the family had the rights as the successor to the sultanate and the land at Kampong Gelam should be reverted to the state [Tengku Mahmud vs. Tengku Ali, Straits Settlements Laws Report 1897 (Vol. 5)]. This ended the reign of the Malay kings in Singapore.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">End of the Empire</span><br /><br />The worried British then forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggung Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for recognition as a 'Sultan', Tengku Ali agrees to 'give up all of Johor'. The treaty merely 'confirms' the Temenggung's hold on his fief. This treaty intends to solidify the position of Temenggung Ibrahim, their key ally.<br /><br />Bendahara Ali was asked by the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar about the 1855 treaty. In his reply, the Bendahara reiterated about the Temenggung is supposed to swear fealty to his majesty and on the behavior of Tengku Ali, the Bendehara claimed ignorace. He also reiterated that he is not a party to any discussion with the British or the Dutch.<br /><br />The Dutch is also very worried. It seems that the Sultan is acting on his own and would not listen to any of the Dutch-influenced Yam Tuan Muda of Riau and the Bugis nobility. It erupted into a open dispute between Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar and the Bugis nobility over the appointment of new Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. The Bugis preferred candidate is also the Dutch choice. The Sultan resents having another foreign-backed Yam Tuan Muda of Riau. It resulted in a deadlock that the Sultan set sail to Singapore for a cool off. It is during the Singapore trip that the last Sultan of the mighty Johore Empire was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The new Johor Sultanate(Riau-Lingga kingdom)</span><br />After the ouster of the former Sultan of Johor, the Bugis nobles elected the new Sultan, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Shah, the Sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the ashes of the Johore Empire. The Sultan signed an agreement with the Dutch. In the agreement he agreed to acknowledge the overlordship of the Dutch government among others. At a stroke of a pen, he broke up the Johor Empire into 2 big parts and has given up the sovereignty of his part of territory to the Dutch. This also marked the end of the Malacca and later Johor sultanate. This division remains until today as the Malaysia-Indonesia border.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The Split: Formation of Johor and Pahang sultanate</span><br />As the Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar was ousted and the new Sultan declared territory separate from the former Johor Empire, it was akin to a sheep slaughtered with Sultan and Riau-Lingga represented by the head. The Bendahara is now the virtual head of remnants of the Empire as per the prevailing adat[29]. Temenggung Ibrahim of Johore understood this situation and quickly signed a treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861 [30]. The treaty recognizes the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggung and his descendent's right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Sultans in Johor Empire</span><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Malacca-Johor Dynasty</span><br /><br />Alauddin Riayat Shah II 1528 - 1564<br />Muzaffar Shah II 1564 - 1570<br />Abdul Jalil Shah I 1570 - 1571<br />Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II 1571 - 1597<br />Alauddin Riayat Shah III 1597 - 1615<br />Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah 1615 - 1623<br />Abdul Jalil Shah III 1623 - 1677<br />Ibrahim Shah 1677 - 1685<br />Mahmud Shah II 1685 - 1699<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bendahara Dynasty</span><br /><br />Abdul Jalil IV (Bendahara Abdul Jalil) 1699 - 1720<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Malacca-Johor Dynasty (descent)</span><br />Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (Raja Kecil) 1718 - 1722((Sultan of Riau-Lingga-Pahang,included Singapore) <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bendahara Dynasty</span><br /><br />Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah 1722 - 1760(Sultan of Johore-Riau-Lingga-Pahang),control by Bugis)<br />Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah 1760 - 1761<br />Ahmad Riayat Shah 1761 - 1761<br />Mahmud Riayat Shah III 1761 - 1812((Sultan of Johore-Riau, died on 12-1-1912 without successor)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Dispute on succession(1812-1824)</span><br /><br />Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah 1812 - 1832 (Sultan of Lingga,Placed on the throne instead of his older brother Hussein, supported by Bugis. Dispute without complete of royal regalia. Note he is Sultan of Lingga,of Johor Empire from 1812-1824, but only complied with royal regalia in 1822. In 1824, due to 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, he retain only as Sultan of Lingga-Riau sultanate until died in 1832).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultan of Johor(Johor/Pahang/Singapore)- not recognized by Malay, based in Singapore</span><br />Hussein Shah (Tengku Long) 1819 - 1835 - support by British as Sultan of Johor<br />Bendahara Ali 1835 - 1877 - give Singapore to British,and Modern Johor formed<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sultanate of Lingga-Riau(after 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty)</span><br />Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah. 1822- 1832- support by Bugis(1822-completed royal regalia).<br />Sultan Muhammad II Muazzam Shah 1832-1835<br />Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah 1835 -1857(deposed by the Bugis, Indonesian said Dutch)<br />Sultan Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah 1857 -1883(Sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom only)<br /> <br />Sultan Abdul Rahman was installed as the Sultan of Lingga in November 1822<br />Sultan Abdul Rahman died in 1832 and was replaced by his son, Sultan Muhammad Shah (reigning from 1832-1841).He also install Tengku Mahmud (later ruling as Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar) as a Crown Prince and Tun Mutahir as Bendehara-in-waiting.<br /><br />The last Sultan of the mighty Johore Empire, Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar was deposed by the Bugis nobility in 1857(Indonesian version said Dutch, this may be true as after 1824, Dutch has political control). Bugis nobles elected the new Sultan, Sultan Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah as Sultan of the "new" Riau-Lingga Kingdom built on the ashes of the Johore Empire.<br /><br />Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 was the most important historical event, which start the split of Johor Empire to Lingga-Riau in Sumatra, and Johor sultanate(Johor/Singapore/Pahang)in Malay Peninsular. However, the division on dispute of succession was the main cause that the British was able to take opportunity to share the power influence with Dutch on Johor Empire.<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of Sultans - Lingga-Riau Sultanate</span><br /> <br /> 1. Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah (1818–1832)Note: 1812 or 1818 or 1822? <br /> 2. Sultan Muhammad II Muazzam Shah (1832–1835)<br /> 3. Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah (1835–1857)<br /> 4. Sultan Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah (1857–1883)<br /> 5. Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah (1885–1911) - he moved the capital from Daik, Pulau Lingga to Pulau Penyengat in Riau. Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, escaped to Singapore and was dethroned by Dutch colonist in 1911. He passed away at Teluk Belanga, Singapura on 28 December 1930.<br /><br />The remaining territory in Malaya peninsular was split into Pahang and Johor.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Temenggong Dynasty(Modern Johor)- Johore only</span><br /><br />Raja Temenggung Tun Ibrahim 1855 - 1862<br />Abu Bakar 1862 - 1895<br />Ibrahim 1895 - 1959<br />Ismail 1959 - 1981<br />Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj 1981 - 2010<br />Tunku Ibrahim Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar was proclaimed as the new Sultan of Johor on Sat, 23 Jan 2010.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Johor administration</span><br /><br />The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority lay in the hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the Sultan. The Sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the Sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja. During the 18th century, the Bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed the administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor.<br /><br />The Johor Empire is decentralized. It is made of four main fiefs and the Sultan's territory. The fiefs are Muar and its territories under the Raja Temenggung of Muar[7]; Pahang under the stewardship of the Bendehara[8]; Riau under the control of Yam Tuan Muda and mainland Johor and Singapore under the Temenggung. The rest of the Empire belongs to the Sultan. The Sultan resides in Lingga. All the Orang Kayas except Raja Temenggung Muar reports directly to the Sultan ; Raja Temenggung Muar is a sovereign and is recognised by the Sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Extent of the Empire</span><br /><br />As the Sultanate replaces the Malacca Sultanate, it follows that the extent of its territorial area covers the southern Malay peninsular, parts of south-eastern Sumatra and the Riau Islands and its dependencies. This territory includes the vassal states of Pahang, Muar, Johor mainland and Riau Islands. The administrative centre of the empire was at various times at Sayong Pinang, Kota Kara, Seluyut, Johor Lama, Batu Sawar and Kota Tinggi; all on mainland Johor and later at Riau and Lingga. It then shifted with the birth of Modern Johore Sultanate to Tanjung Puteri, known today as Johor Bahru.<br /><br />Johor Empire is important in the history of Strait of Malacca; as it was the 2ns Malay sultanate which has power control over the area.<br /><br />Related articles:<br /><br />1. Malacca-Johore, brief history, http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/malacca.htm<br />2. Johor, Bendahara Dynasty, http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/johor9.htm<br />3. Johor(Singapore), http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/johor5.htm<br />4. Tun Habib Abdul Majid, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Habib_Abdul_Majid<br />4. Lingga, http://www.royalark.net/Indonesia/lingga.htm<br />5. Pahang,http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/pahang.htm<br />6. Johor Sultanate, wikipediaBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-15616081469060413412010-01-25T07:17:00.000-08:002010-01-28T17:06:13.802-08:00Aceh Sultanate(1496-1903)Aceh Sultanate was from North Sumatra, Indonesia. But historically, the old kingdom had great influence on Malay sultanates in Malaya, including ruling the various Malay states. Its religion and political influences were substantial. It is part of Malaysian history.<br /><br />The Sultanate of Aceh was a sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja, the present Banda Aceh. At its peak it was a formidable enemy of the sultanate of Johor and Portuguese-controlled Malacca, both on the Malayan Peninsula, as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin with fluctuating success. In addition to its considerable military strength, the court of Aceh became a noted center of Islamic scholarship and trade.<br /><br /><iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=hp&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=-TFiS_CZIoXP8QarlNGlAg&ved=0CEwQ8gEwEA&ll=4.061536,96.877441&spn=3.834845,4.669189&z=7&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?client=firefox-a&channel=s&hl=en&source=embed&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=-TFiS_CZIoXP8QarlNGlAg&ved=0CEwQ8gEwEA&ll=4.061536,96.877441&spn=3.834845,4.669189&z=7" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Early Acheh </span><br /><br />Aceh's origins are unquestionably Cham, as the Champa king Syah Pau Kubah sent his son Syah Pau Ling to rule over Aceh when the capital Vijaya (Champa) in 1471 AD, was sacked by the Vietnamese. Acehnese is the only other non-Chamic language in the 11 language Aceh-Chamic languages group. <br /><br />Acheh Sultanate 1496<br />Ali Mughayat Syah (died 1530) was the first sultan of Aceh, reigning from c. 1514 until his death. He is considered the founder of the Aceh, and is presumed to be the same person or a relative of "Syah Pau Ling" of Champa, the son of the King of Champa Syah Pau Kubah, who fled Champa when the Vietnamese sacked the capital, Vijaya (Champa) in 1471. Indeed, Acehnese is the only non-Chamic relative in the subgroup Aceh-Chamic languages.<br /><br />Convert to Islam<br />The ruler of Aceh converted to Islam in the mid-15th century. The sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah, who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520.[His conquests included Deli, Pedir, and Pasai, and he attacked Aru. His son Alauddin al-Kahar extended the domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent's Ottoman Empire.<br /><br />1607<br />Internal dissension in the sultanate prevented another powerful sultan from appearing until 1607, when Iskandar Muda came to the position. He extended the sultanate's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang, a tin-producing region on the Malayan Peninsula. The strength of his formidable fleet was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629, when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh forces was not destroyed, however, as Aceh was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. The Sultan's son in law, Iskandar Thani, former prince of Pahang later became his successor. During his reign Aceh focused on internal consolidation and religious unity.<br /><br />Queen controlled<br />After the reign of Sultan Iskandar Sani, Aceh was ruled by a series of female sultana. Aceh previous policy of taking hostage conquered kingdoms' population made them eager to seek independence, the results are Aceh's power weakened while regional rulers gained effective power. The sultan ultimately became a largely symbolic title. By the 1680s, a Persian visitor could describe a northern Sumatra where "every corner shelters a separate king or governor and all the local rulers maintain themselves independently and do not pay tribute to any higher authority."<br /><br />"veranda of Mecca,"<br />Aceh saw itself as heir to Pasai, the first Muslim state in Southeast Asia, and continuing Muslim missionary work of Malacca after it was conquered by the Roman Catholic Portuguese. It called itself the "veranda of Mecca," and became a center of Islamic scholarship, where the Qur'an and other Islamic texts were translated into Malay. Its notable scholars included Hamzah Pansuri, Syamsuddin of Pasai, Abdurrauf of Singkil, and the Indian Nuruddin ar-Raniri.<br />Note: Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called Samudera Darussalam was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 15th centuries CE. It was believed the word Samudera derived from Samudra meaning ocean in Sanskrit. King Merah Silu later converted to Islam, known as Malik ul Salih, he was the sultan in year 1267 CE.<br /><br />Dominance of Acheh 1820<br />In the 1820s, as Aceh produced over half the world's supply of pepper, a new leader, Tuanku Ibrahim, was able to restore some authority to the sultanate and gain control over the "pepper rajas" who were nominal vassals of the sultan by playing them off against each other. He rose to power during the sultanate of his brother, Muhammad Syah, and was able to dominate the reign of his successor Sulaiman Syah (r. 1838-1857), before taking the sultan himself, under the title Sultan Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah (1857–1870). He extended Aceh's effective control southward at just the time when the Dutch were consolidating their holdings northward.<br /> <br />Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra 1824<br />Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh in order to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra, which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in the Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873. As the Dutch prepared for war, Mahmud Syah (1870–1874) appealed for international help, but no one was willing or able to assist.<br /><br />Acheh War 1873<br />The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the U.S. in Singapore during early 1873. An expedition under Major General Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler was sent out in 1873, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed.<br /><br />Dutch Control 1874<br />In 1874 the sultan abandoned the capital, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh. The sultan died of cholera, as did many combatants on both sides, but the Acehnese proclaimed a grandson of Tuanku Ibrahim sultan. The rulers of Acehnese ports nominally submitted to Dutch authority in order to avoid a blockade, but they used their income to support the resistance. However, eventually many of them compromised with the Dutch, and the Dutch were able establish a fairly stable government in Aceh with their cooperation, and get the sultan to surrender in 1903. After his death in 1907, no successor was named, but the resistance continued to fight for some time. Indeed, Hasan di Tiro, who founded the Free Aceh Movement, is a descendent of the last sultan.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">List of sultans of Acheh Sultanate</span><br /><br /> * 1496-1528 Ali Mughayat Syah<br /> * 1528-1537 Salahuddin<br /> * 1537-1568 Alauddin al Qahhar<br /> * 1568-1575 Husain Ali Riayat Syah<br /> * 1575 Muda of Aceh|Muda<br /> * 1575-1576 Sri Alam<br /> * 1576-1577 Zainal Abidin of Aceh|Zainal Abidin<br /> * 1577-1589 Alauddin Mansur Syah<br /> * 1589-1596 Buyong<br /> * 1596-1604 Alauddin Riayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammil<br /> * 1604-1607 Ali Riayat Syah<br /> * 1607-1636 Iskandar Muda<br /> * 1636-1641 Iskandar Thani<br /> * 1641-1675 Ratu Safiatuddin Tajul Alam<br /> * 1675-1678 Ratu Naqiatuddin Nurul Alam<br /> * 1678-1688 Ratu Zaqiatuddin Inayat Syah<br /> * 1688-1699 Ratu Kamalat Syah Zinatuddin<br /> * 1699-1702 Badrul Alam Syarif Hashim Jamaluddin<br /> * 1702-1703 Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui<br /> * 1703-1726 Jamal ul Alam Badrul Munir<br /> * 1726 Jauhar ul Alam Aminuddin<br /> * 1726-1727 Syamsul Alam<br /> * 1727-1735 Alauddin Ahmad Syah<br /> * 1735-1760 Alauddin Johan Syah<br /> * 1750-1781 Mahmud Syah<br /> * 1764-1785 Badruddin<br /> * 1775-1781 Sulaiman Syah<br /> * 1781-1795 Alauddin Muhammad Daud Syah<br /> * 1795-1815 Alauddin Jauhar ul Alam<br /> * 1815-1818 Syarif Saif ul Alam<br /> * 1818-1824 Alauddin Jauhar ul Alam (second time)<br /> * 1824-1838 Muhammad Syah<br /> * 1838-1857 Sulaiman Syah<br /> * 1857-1870 Mansur Syah<br /> * 1870-1874 Mahmud Syah<br /> * 1874-1903 Muhammad Daud Syah<br /><br />Related articles<br /><br />1. Acheh, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh<br />2. Aceh Sultanate, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh<br />3. http://www.lestariheritage.net/aceh/webpages/intro01.htmlBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-3246286815494924612010-01-24T07:15:00.000-08:002010-01-24T16:57:37.070-08:00DindingsThe Dindings(天定), consisting of some islands near the mouth of the Perak River and a small piece of territory on the adjoining mainland, were ceded by Perak to the British government under the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. Hopes that its excellent natural harbour would prove to be valuable were doomed to disappointment, and the islands, sparsely inhabited and altogether unimportant both politically and financially, were administered by the government of Perak.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Manjung(previously known as Dindings)</span><br /><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Malaysia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Malaysia&gl=my&ei=MWVcS4yuBMK5jAfuxeWdAg&ved=0CE0Q8gEwFQ&ll=4.277941,100.684204&spn=0.410839,0.411987&z=10&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Malaysia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Malaysia&gl=my&ei=MWVcS4yuBMK5jAfuxeWdAg&ved=0CE0Q8gEwFQ&ll=4.277941,100.684204&spn=0.410839,0.411987&z=10&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />Manjung(曼绒县), previously also known as Dinding, is a district in the southwestern part of the state of Perak, Malaysia. It is well-known for Pangkor Island, a major attraction in Perak and the home of the Royal Malaysian Navy (TLDM) Lumut Naval Base and dockyard. Since the population is increasing, residential and commercial infrastructure is being developed. Dinding was once part of the British Straits Settlements colony.<br /><br />Bandar Seri Manjung is the district's principle urban center while smaller towns include Lumut town, Sitiawan town, Ayer Tawar, Pantai Remis and Beruas. Other areas of some importance are Acheh Industrial Estates, Desa Manjung Raya, Manjung Point, Damai Laut Country Resort and Lumut Port.Boon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-87805786969025432522010-01-24T02:43:00.000-08:002010-01-24T15:35:51.588-08:00Christmas Island(圣诞岛)If you talk about Cocos island; you must know Christmas Island; Christmas Island is also part of Strait Settlement. In the 70s, there were many Malaysian, especially from Penang working in Christmas Island. At that time not many factories were around, job opportunity was limited. Christmas Island provide an opportunity for the school leavers. The jobs were advertised in local newspaper....<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of location of Christmas Island in Indian Ocean</span><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-8.254983,105.183105&spn=6.520052,6.591797&z=6&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-8.254983,105.183105&spn=6.520052,6.591797&z=6&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The Territory of Christmas Island(圣诞岛) is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, 500 km (310 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.<br /><br />It has a population of 1,403 residents who live in a number of "settlement areas" on the northern tip of the island: Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong), Silver City, Poon Saan, and Drumsite.<br /><br />The island’s geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism amongst its flora and fauna, which is of significant interest to scientists and naturalists.<br /><br />Phosphate, deposited as guano, has been mined on the island for many years. 63% of its 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi) is an Australian national park. There exist large areas of primary rain forest.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Flag of Christmas Island</span><br /><object width="250" height="244"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/khiV6-23kbQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/khiV6-23kbQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="250" height="244"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of Christmas Island</span><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-10.483761,105.630112&spn=0.202555,0.205994&z=11&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-10.483761,105.630112&spn=0.202555,0.205994&z=11&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">History</span><br /><br /> 3 Feb 1615 Discovered by English Capt. John Milward of<br /> East India Co. ship Thomas. <br />25 Dec 1643 Re-discovered by English Capt. William Mynos of<br /> the East India Co. ship Royal Mary, named <br /> Christmas Island.<br /> 6 Jun 1888 Annexed by Britain.<br />1889 - 1899 Leased to Clunies-Ross family (see Cocos Islands).<br />1899 Leased to the British Phosphate Company.<br /> 1 Sep 1900 - 31 Dec 1957 Administered from Straits Settlements/Singapore.<br />31 Mar 1942 - Aug 1945 Japanese occupation.<br />Aug 1945 - 1946 British military administration.<br /> 1 Jan 1958 British crown colony<br /> 1 Oct 1958 Australian territory (Territory of Christmas<br /> Island).<br />1980 National park of covering over 65% of island<br /> composed mainly of rainforest established.<br />1994 Proposal to separate from Australia rejected.<br />1995 Part of Australian Indian Ocean Territories<br /> (Christmas Island and Cocos Islands).<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Discovery</span><br />British and Dutch navigators first included the island on their charts in the early 17th century. Captain William Mynors of the Royal Mary, a British East India Company vessel, named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day in 1643. A map by Pieter Goos, published in 1666, was the first to include the island. Goos labeled the island "Mony"; many are not sure what this means.<br /><br />William Dampier, aboard the British ship Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the island in March 1688. He found it uninhabited. Dampier gave an account of the visit can be found in his Voyages: Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New Holland. His ship was pulled off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island 28 days later. Dampier landed at the Dales (on the west coast). Two of his crewmen were the first humans known to have set foot on Christmas Island.<br /><br />Daniel Beekman made the next recorded visit, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo, in the East Indie<br /><br />The first attempt at exploring the island was in 1857 by the crew of the Amethyst. They tried to reach the summit of the island, but found the cliffs impassable.<br /><br />During the 1872-76 Challenger expedition to Indonesia, naturalist Dr John Murray carried out extensive surveys.<br /><br />In 1887, Captain Maclear of HMS Flying Fish, having discovered an anchorage in a bay that he named Flying Fish Cove, landed a party and made a small but interesting collection of the flora and fauna. In the next year, Pelham Aldrich, on board HMS Egeria, visited it for ten days, accompanied by J. J. Lister, who gathered a larger biological and mineralogical collection.<br /><br />Among the rocks then obtained and submitted to Sir John Murray for examination were many of nearly pure phosphate of lime, a discovery which led to annexation of the island by the British Crown on 6 June 1888.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/yvabv7a6m7E&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/yvabv7a6m7E&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Settlement and exploitation</span><br /><br />Soon afterwards, a small settlement was established in Flying Fish Cove by G. Clunies Ross, the owner of the Keeling Islands (some 900 kilometres to the south west) to collect timber and supplies for the growing industry on Cocos.<br /><br />Phosphate mining began in the 1890s using indentured workers from Singapore, Malaya and China.<br /><br />The island was administered jointly by the British Phosphate Commissioners and District Officers from the United Kingdom Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and later the Crown Colony of Singapore.<br /><br />The Christmas Island,formerly attached to Ceylon,and Cocos Island were in 1886 transferred to the care the government of the Straits Settlements in Singapore along with the addition of Labuan in 1906.<br /><br />The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company, the Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a crown colony on 1 April 1867. The colony was dissolved as part of the British reorganisation of its South-East Asian dependencies following the end of the Second World War.<br /><br />The Straits Settlements consisted of the individual settlements of Malacca, Penang (also known as Prince of Wales Island), and Singapore, as well as (from 1907) Labuan, off the coast of Borneo, Cocos Island & Christmas Island. With the exception of Singapore,Christmas Island and Cocos Island, these territories now form part of Malaysia.<br /><br />The colony was dissolved with effect from 1 April 1946, with Singapore becoming a separate crown colony (and ultimately an independent republic), while Penang and Malacca joined the new Malayan Union (a predecessor of modern-day Malaysia). Labuan was briefly annexed to Singapore, before being attached to the new colony of British North Borneo. The Cocos or Keeling Islands and Christmas Island, originally made part of the crown colony of Singapore in 1946, were transferred to Australian administration in 1955 and 1957 respectively.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Japanese invasion</span><br /><br />From the outbreak of war in South East Asia in December 1941, Christmas Island was a target for Japanese occupation because of its rich phosphate deposits. A naval gun was installed under a British officer and four NCOs supported by Indian soldiers. The first attack, on 21 January 1942, was carried out by the Japanese submarine I-159, that torpedoed a Norwegian vessel, the Eidsvold, which was loading phosphate in Flying Fish Cove. The vessel drifted and eventually sank off West White Beach. 50 European and Asian staff and their families were evacuated to Perth. In late February and early March 1942, two aerial bombing raids and shelling from the sea led the District Officer to hoist the white flag. After the Japanese naval group sailed away the British officer raised the Union Jack once more. During the night of 10-11 March a mutiny of the Indian troops, abetted by the Sikh policemen, led to the murder of the five British soldiers and the imprisonment of the remaining 21 Europeans. On 31 March a Japanese fleet of 9 vessels arrived and the Island was surrendered. A naval brigade, phosphate engineers, and 700 marines came ashore and rounded up the workforce, most of whom had fled to the jungle. Sabotaged equipment was repaired and preparations were made to resume the mining and export of phosphate.<br /><br />Isolated acts of sabotage and the torpedoing of the Nissei Maru at the wharf on 17 November 1942 meant that only small amounts of phosphate were exported to Japan during the occupation. In November 1943, over 60% of the Island's population was evacuated to Surabayan prison camps, leaving of total population of just under 500 Chinese and Malays and 15 Japanese to survive as best they could. In October 1945 HMS Rother reoccupied Christmas Island.<br /><br />Sources: Public Record Office, England War Office and Colonial Office Correspondence/Straits Settlements J. Pettigrew: 'Christmas Island in World War II ' Australian Territories January 1962 Interviews conduced by J G Hunt with Island residents, 1973-77 Correspondence J G Hunt with former Island residents, 1973-79<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Transfer to Australia</span><br /><br />At Australia's request, the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty to Australia; in 1957, the Australian government paid the government of Singapore £2.9 million in compensation, a figure based mainly on an estimated value of the phosphate forgone by Singapore.<br /><br />The first Australian Official Representative arrived in 1958 and was replaced by an Administrator in 1968. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and since 1997 share a single Administrator resident on Christmas Island.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Refugee and immigration detention</span><br /><br />From the late 1980s and early 1990s, boats carrying asylum seekers and mainly departing from Indonesia landed on the island. During 2001, a large number of mostly Middle Eastern persons landed with the intent to apply for asylum in Australia.<br /><br />In 2001, Christmas Island was the site of the so-called "Tampa" controversy, in which the Australian government stopped a Norwegian ship, MV Tampa, from disembarking 438 rescued asylum seekers at Christmas Island. The ensuing standoff and the associated political reactions in Australia were a major issue in the 2001 Australian federal election.<br /><br />Another boatload of asylum seekers was taken from Christmas Island to Papua New Guinea for processing, after it was claimed that many of the adult asylum seekers threw their children into the water, apparently in protest at being turned away. This was later proven to be false. Many of the refugees were subsequently accepted by New Zealand.<br /><br />The former Howard Government later secured the passage of legislation through the Australian Parliament which excised Christmas Island from Australia's migration zone, meaning that asylum seekers arriving on Christmas Island could not automatically apply to the Australian government for refugee status. This allowed the Royal Australian Navy to relocate them to other countries (Papua New Guinea's Manus Island, and Nauru) as part of the so-called Pacific Solution. In 2007 the Department of Immigration finished construction of an "Immigration Detention Centre", containing approximately 800 beds. Originally estimated to cost $210 million, the final cost was over $400 million.<br /><br />In 2007, the Rudd Government announced plans to decommission the Manus Island and Nauru centres; processing would then occur on Christmas Island itself.<br /><br /><object width="300" height="340"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/WVA0nBqP84E&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WVA0nBqP84E&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="300" height="340"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Population</span><br /><br />As of 2006, the estimated population is 1,493. (The Australian Bureau of Statistics reports a population of 1,508 as of the 2001 Census.)<br /><br />The ethnic composition is 70% Chinese (mainly Hokkien), 20% European and 10% Malay. Religions practised on Christmas Island include Buddhism 75%, Christianity 12%, Islam 10% and others 3%. English is the official language, but Hokkien and Malay are also spoken. English, Malay and Hokkien are lingua franca.<br /><br />Reference/related articles:<br />1. Christmas Island, wikipedia<br />2. Christmas Island, http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Christmas_Island.htmlBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4417904913169781156.post-45820110338934687762010-01-24T01:52:00.000-08:002010-01-24T15:38:25.995-08:00Cocos (Keeling) IslandsDo you know Cocos Island was once part of the Strait Settlement?<br /><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-8.102739,101.557617&spn=13.024416,13.183594&z=5&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-8.102739,101.557617&spn=13.024416,13.183594&z=5&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br />The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are located in the Indian Ocean, about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of Cocos Islands</span><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.137348,96.870575&spn=0.201389,0.205994&z=11&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.137348,96.870575&spn=0.201389,0.205994&z=11&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">History</span><br /><br />1609 Islands discovered by English Capt. William Keeling<br />1825 Temporary settlement (several weeks) on Direction<br /> Island, by shipwrecked Captain Le Cour.<br /> 6 Dec 1825 Brief visit by U.K. Capt. John Clunies-Ross.<br />May 1826 Settlement established on main island by Alexander<br /> Hare.<br />27 Feb 1827 Settlement established on South Island by John<br /> Clunies-Ross.<br />1831 Hare leaves; Clunies-Ross takes possession of all<br /> islands; Cocos Islands constituted as a feudal<br /> "fiefdom" of the Clunies-Ross family.<br />1857 Formally annexed for Britain (crown colony)<br /> by Capt. Fremantle on H.M.S. Juno.<br />Nov 1878 - 1886 Part of Ceylon.<br /> 7 Jul 1886 Granted in perpetuity to the Clunies-Ross family<br /> by Queen Victoria.<br />1886 - 15 Feb 1942 Part of Straits Settlements (see Singapore).<br /> 9 Nov 1914 German warship Emden landed a raiding party on <br /> Direction Island to destroy cable and wireless<br /> equipment. HMAS Sydney severely damaged the<br /> Emden in a battle and the Emden was beached on <br /> Keeling Island, the raiding party escaped. <br />1942 - Apr 1946 Part of Ceylon (West Island and Direction Island<br /> under allied military administration).<br />1946 - Jun 1951 Part of Singapore.<br />23 Nov 1955 Australian territory (Territory of Cocos [Keeling]<br /> Islands.<br /> 1 Sep 1978 Australia purchases all of the land on Home Island,<br /> with the exception of Oceania House and grounds,<br /> from John Cecil Clunies-Ross for $6,250,000;<br /> John Cecil Clunies-Ross relinquishes his<br /> authority<br />25 Jul 1979 Autonomy granted.<br /> 6 Apr 1984 Islands integrated with Australia in an Act of <br /> Self Determination by the Cocos community.<br />1986 John Cecil Clunies-Ross sells Oceania House. <br /> 1 Jul 1992 Cocos became subject to Western Australian law.<br />1995 Part of Australian Indian Ocean Territories<br /> (Christmas Island and Cocos Islands).<br /><br />In 1609 Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. A Scottish merchant seaman named Captain John Clunies-Ross from the Shetland Islands explored the islands in 1825 with the intention of settling on them with his family. Alexander Hare, who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811[citation needed] landed and settled with his Slaves who originated from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia. Clunies-Ross returned and set up a compound on South Island consisting of his family and some other settlers. Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. The workers were paid in a currency called the Cocos rupee a currency John Clunies-Ross minted himself and which could only be redeemed at the company store.<br /><br />On April 1, 1836, HMS Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy arrived to take soundings establishing the profile of the atoll as part of the survey expedition of the Beagle. To the young naturalist Charles Darwin, who was on the ship, the results supported a theory he had developed of how atolls formed. He studied the natural history of the islands and collected specimens. His assistant Syms Covington noted that "an Englishman (he was of course Scottish) and HIS family, with about sixty or seventy Mulattos from the Cape of Good Hope, live on one of the islands. Captain Ross, the governor, is now absent at the Cape."<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">British rule under Strait Settlement</span><br /><br />The islands were annexed to the British Empire in 1857. In 1867, their administration was placed under the Straits Settlements, which included Penang, Malacca and Singapore. Queen Victoria granted the islands in perpetuity to the Clunies-Ross family in 1886. The Cocos Islands under the Clunies-Ross family have been cited as an example of a nineteenth century micronation<br /><br />The Cocos (Keeling) Islands (which were settled and once owned by a Scottish family named Clunies-Ross)and Christmas Island, formerly attached to Ceylon, were in 1886 transferred to the care the government of the Straits Settlements in Singapore along with the addition of Labuan in 1906.<br /><br />The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company, the Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a crown colony on 1 April 1867. The colony was dissolved as part of the British reorganisation of its South-East Asian dependencies following the end of the Second World War.<br /><br />The Straits Settlements consisted of the individual settlements of Malacca, Penang (also known as Prince of Wales Island), and Singapore, as well as (from 1907) Labuan, off the coast of Borneo. With the exception of Singapore, these territories now form part of Malaysia.<br /><br />The colony was dissolved with effect from 1 April 1946, with Singapore becoming a separate crown colony (and ultimately an independent republic), while Penang and Malacca joined the new Malayan Union (a predecessor of modern-day Malaysia). Labuan was briefly annexed to Singapore, before being attached to the new colony of British North Borneo.<br /><br />The Cocos or Keeling Islands and Christmas Island, originally made part of the crown colony of Singapore in 1946, were transferred to Australian administration in 1955 and 1957 respectively.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/JFEFUsfZBSw&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/JFEFUsfZBSw&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">World War I</span><br /><br />On November 9, 1914, the islands became the site of the Battle of Cocos, one of the first naval battles of World War I. The wireless telegraph station on Direction Island, a vital link between the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, was destroyed by sailors from the German light cruiser SMS Emden, which was in turn surprised and destroyed by the Australian cruiser, HMAS Sydney.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">World War II</span><br /><br />During World War II, the cable station was once again a vital link. Allied planners noted that the islands might be seized as a base for German raider cruisers operating in the Indian Ocean. Following Japan's entry into the war, Japanese forces did occupy neighbouring islands. To avoid drawing their attention to the Cocos cable station and its islands' garrison, the seaplane anchorage between Direction and Horsburgh islands was not used. Radio transmitters were also kept silent, except in emergencies.<br /><br />After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, the islands were administered from Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and West and Direction Islands were placed under Allied military administration. The islands' garrison initially consisted of a platoon from the British Army's King's African Rifles, located on Horsburgh Island, with two 6-inch (152 mm) guns to cover the anchorage. The local inhabitants all lived on Home Island. Despite the importance of the islands as a communication centre, the Japanese made no attempt either to raid or to occupy them and contented themselves with sending over a reconnaissance aircraft about once a month.<br /><br />On the night of 8–9 May 1942, fifteen members of the garrison, from the Ceylon Defence Force mutinied, under the leadership of Gratien Fernando. The mutineers were said to have been provoked by the attitude of their British officers, and were also supposedly inspired by anti-imperialist beliefs. They attempted to take control of the gun battery on the islands. The Cocos Islands Mutiny was crushed, although they killed one non-mutinous soldier and wounded one officer. Seven of the mutineers were sentenced to death at a trial which was later alleged to have been improperly conducted. Four of the sentences were commuted, but three men were executed, including Fernando. These were to be the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.<br /><br />On December 25, 1942, the Japanese submarine I-166 bombarded the islands but caused no damage.<br /><br />Later in the war, two airstrips were built and three bomber squadrons were moved to the islands to conduct raids against Japanese targets in South East Asia and to provide support during the reinvasion of Malaya and reconquest of Singapore. The first aircraft to arrive were Supermarine Spitfire Mk VIIIs of No. 136 Squadron RAF. They included some Liberator bombers from No. 321 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF (members of exiled Dutch forces serving with the Royal Air Force), which were also stationed on the islands. When in July 1945, No. 99 and No. 356 RAF squadrons arrived on West Island they brought with them a daily newspaper called Atoll which contained news of what was happening in the outside world. Run by airmen in their off-duty hours, it achieved fame when dropped by Liberator bombers on POW camps over the heads of the Japanese guards.<br /><br />In 1946 the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Transfer to Australia</span><br /><br />On November 23, 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 (an Australian Act) pursuant to the Cocos Islands Act, 1955 (a UK Act). In the 1970s, the Australian government's dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory acquisition. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government reneged this agreement, and told John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that resumption of Oceania House was unlawful, but the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be granted to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross now lives in Perth, Western Australia however, some members of the Clunies-Ross family still live on the Cocos.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/GY1SQsTrCww&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GY1SQsTrCww&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Geography</span><br />The Cocos (Keeling) Islands consist of two flat, low-lying coral atolls with an area of 14.2 square kilometres (5.5 sq mi), 26 kilometres (16 mi) of coastline, a highest elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) and thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation. The climate is pleasant, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year and with moderate rainfall.[citation needed] Cyclones may occur in the early months of the year.<br /><br />North Keeling Island is an atoll consisting of just one C-shaped island, a nearly closed atoll ring with a small opening into the lagoon, about 50 metres (160 ft) wide, on the East side. The island measures 1.1 square kilometres (270 acres) in land area and is uninhabited. The lagoon is about 0.5 square kilometres (120 acres). North Keeling Island and the surrounding sea to 1.5 km from shore form the Pulu Keeling National Park, established on 12 December 1995. It is home to the only surviving population of the endemic, and endangered, Cocos Buff-banded Rail.<br /><br />South Keeling Islands is an atoll consisting of twenty-four individual islets forming an incomplete atoll ring, with a total land area of 13.1 square kilometres (5.1 sq mi). Only Home Island and West Island are populated. People from Home Island maintain weekend shacks on the lagoon shore of South Island and on some of the smaller islands.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of Home Island</span><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.102438,96.899071&spn=0.050354,0.051498&z=13&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.102438,96.899071&spn=0.050354,0.051498&z=13&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Map of West Island & South island</span><br /><iframe width="300" height="300" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.170239,96.836586&spn=0.100682,0.102997&z=12&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com.my/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&q=Indonesia&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Indonesia&gl=my&ei=ix5cS9GuBYfjlAfXn8TqBA&ved=0CGMQ8gEwFA&ll=-12.170239,96.836586&spn=0.100682,0.102997&z=12&source=embed" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Population</span><br />In 2010, there are an estimated 600+ inhabitants of the islands.The population on the two inhabited islands generally is split between the ethnic Europeans on West Island (est. pop. 100) and the ethnic Malays on Home Island (est. pop. 500). A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken, and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim.<br /><br />The Cocos Islands are actually populated by Malaysian descendants, many of them were given the right to live and work on the Island to farm coconuts. Under the Old Empire as Malaya was British turf and so was Australia, these Malayans were given settlement. The Island is actually part of Western Australia but has its own local government. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Flag</span><br />By the way Cocos island is the only territory of Australia, which the flag is having crescent and 5 stars at the right of the crescent, with green backround. At the left top is the coconut tree inside a yellow moon. Look like a flag from an Arabian country. <br /><br /><object width="250" height="244"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/j184zbUb2qQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/j184zbUb2qQ&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="250" height="244"></embed></object> <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Cocos Island in Costa Rica</span><br /><br />There is another more famous Cocos Island in Pacific Ocean.<br /><br />Cocos Island (Spanish: Isla del Coco) is an uninhabited island located off the shore of Costa Rica. It constitutes the 11th district (one of 13) of Puntarenas Canton of the province of Puntarenas.. It is one of the National Parks of Costa Rica. It is located in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 550 km (340 mi) from the Pacific shore of Costa Rica, at 05°31′08″N 087°04′18″W / 5.51889°N 87.07167°W / 5.51889; -87.07167. With an area of approximately 23.85 km² (9.2 mi²), about 8×3 km (5×1.9 mi) and a perimeter of around 23.3 km this island is more or less rectangular in shape.<br /><br />Related articles:<br /><br />1. Cocos (Keeling) Islands, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands<br />2. Cocos Island, http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cocos_Islands.htmlBoon Raymondhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10332443550994647469noreply@blogger.com0