Aceh Sultanate(1496-1903)

Aceh Sultanate was from North Sumatra, Indonesia. But historically, the old kingdom had great influence on Malay sultanates in Malaya, including ruling the various Malay states. Its religion and political influences were substantial. It is part of Malaysian history.

The Sultanate of Aceh was a sultanate centered in the modern area of Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, which was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja, the present Banda Aceh. At its peak it was a formidable enemy of the sultanate of Johor and Portuguese-controlled Malacca, both on the Malayan Peninsula, as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin with fluctuating success. In addition to its considerable military strength, the court of Aceh became a noted center of Islamic scholarship and trade.


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Early Acheh

Aceh's origins are unquestionably Cham, as the Champa king Syah Pau Kubah sent his son Syah Pau Ling to rule over Aceh when the capital Vijaya (Champa) in 1471 AD, was sacked by the Vietnamese. Acehnese is the only other non-Chamic language in the 11 language Aceh-Chamic languages group.

Acheh Sultanate 1496
Ali Mughayat Syah (died 1530) was the first sultan of Aceh, reigning from c. 1514 until his death. He is considered the founder of the Aceh, and is presumed to be the same person or a relative of "Syah Pau Ling" of Champa, the son of the King of Champa Syah Pau Kubah, who fled Champa when the Vietnamese sacked the capital, Vijaya (Champa) in 1471. Indeed, Acehnese is the only non-Chamic relative in the subgroup Aceh-Chamic languages.

Convert to Islam
The ruler of Aceh converted to Islam in the mid-15th century. The sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah, who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520.[His conquests included Deli, Pedir, and Pasai, and he attacked Aru. His son Alauddin al-Kahar extended the domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent's Ottoman Empire.

1607
Internal dissension in the sultanate prevented another powerful sultan from appearing until 1607, when Iskandar Muda came to the position. He extended the sultanate's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang, a tin-producing region on the Malayan Peninsula. The strength of his formidable fleet was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629, when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh forces was not destroyed, however, as Aceh was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. The Sultan's son in law, Iskandar Thani, former prince of Pahang later became his successor. During his reign Aceh focused on internal consolidation and religious unity.

Queen controlled
After the reign of Sultan Iskandar Sani, Aceh was ruled by a series of female sultana. Aceh previous policy of taking hostage conquered kingdoms' population made them eager to seek independence, the results are Aceh's power weakened while regional rulers gained effective power. The sultan ultimately became a largely symbolic title. By the 1680s, a Persian visitor could describe a northern Sumatra where "every corner shelters a separate king or governor and all the local rulers maintain themselves independently and do not pay tribute to any higher authority."

"veranda of Mecca,"
Aceh saw itself as heir to Pasai, the first Muslim state in Southeast Asia, and continuing Muslim missionary work of Malacca after it was conquered by the Roman Catholic Portuguese. It called itself the "veranda of Mecca," and became a center of Islamic scholarship, where the Qur'an and other Islamic texts were translated into Malay. Its notable scholars included Hamzah Pansuri, Syamsuddin of Pasai, Abdurrauf of Singkil, and the Indian Nuruddin ar-Raniri.
Note: Pasai, also known as Samudera and Samudera-Pasai sometimes called Samudera Darussalam was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 15th centuries CE. It was believed the word Samudera derived from Samudra meaning ocean in Sanskrit. King Merah Silu later converted to Islam, known as Malik ul Salih, he was the sultan in year 1267 CE.

Dominance of Acheh 1820
In the 1820s, as Aceh produced over half the world's supply of pepper, a new leader, Tuanku Ibrahim, was able to restore some authority to the sultanate and gain control over the "pepper rajas" who were nominal vassals of the sultan by playing them off against each other. He rose to power during the sultanate of his brother, Muhammad Syah, and was able to dominate the reign of his successor Sulaiman Syah (r. 1838-1857), before taking the sultan himself, under the title Sultan Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah (1857–1870). He extended Aceh's effective control southward at just the time when the Dutch were consolidating their holdings northward.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra 1824
Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh in order to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra, which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in the Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873. As the Dutch prepared for war, Mahmud Syah (1870–1874) appealed for international help, but no one was willing or able to assist.

Acheh War 1873
The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the U.S. in Singapore during early 1873. An expedition under Major General Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler was sent out in 1873, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed.

Dutch Control 1874
In 1874 the sultan abandoned the capital, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh. The sultan died of cholera, as did many combatants on both sides, but the Acehnese proclaimed a grandson of Tuanku Ibrahim sultan. The rulers of Acehnese ports nominally submitted to Dutch authority in order to avoid a blockade, but they used their income to support the resistance. However, eventually many of them compromised with the Dutch, and the Dutch were able establish a fairly stable government in Aceh with their cooperation, and get the sultan to surrender in 1903. After his death in 1907, no successor was named, but the resistance continued to fight for some time. Indeed, Hasan di Tiro, who founded the Free Aceh Movement, is a descendent of the last sultan.

List of sultans of Acheh Sultanate

* 1496-1528 Ali Mughayat Syah
* 1528-1537 Salahuddin
* 1537-1568 Alauddin al Qahhar
* 1568-1575 Husain Ali Riayat Syah
* 1575 Muda of Aceh|Muda
* 1575-1576 Sri Alam
* 1576-1577 Zainal Abidin of Aceh|Zainal Abidin
* 1577-1589 Alauddin Mansur Syah
* 1589-1596 Buyong
* 1596-1604 Alauddin Riayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammil
* 1604-1607 Ali Riayat Syah
* 1607-1636 Iskandar Muda
* 1636-1641 Iskandar Thani
* 1641-1675 Ratu Safiatuddin Tajul Alam
* 1675-1678 Ratu Naqiatuddin Nurul Alam
* 1678-1688 Ratu Zaqiatuddin Inayat Syah
* 1688-1699 Ratu Kamalat Syah Zinatuddin
* 1699-1702 Badrul Alam Syarif Hashim Jamaluddin
* 1702-1703 Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui
* 1703-1726 Jamal ul Alam Badrul Munir
* 1726 Jauhar ul Alam Aminuddin
* 1726-1727 Syamsul Alam
* 1727-1735 Alauddin Ahmad Syah
* 1735-1760 Alauddin Johan Syah
* 1750-1781 Mahmud Syah
* 1764-1785 Badruddin
* 1775-1781 Sulaiman Syah
* 1781-1795 Alauddin Muhammad Daud Syah
* 1795-1815 Alauddin Jauhar ul Alam
* 1815-1818 Syarif Saif ul Alam
* 1818-1824 Alauddin Jauhar ul Alam (second time)
* 1824-1838 Muhammad Syah
* 1838-1857 Sulaiman Syah
* 1857-1870 Mansur Syah
* 1870-1874 Mahmud Syah
* 1874-1903 Muhammad Daud Syah

Related articles

1. Acheh, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh
2. Aceh Sultanate, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh
3. http://www.lestariheritage.net/aceh/webpages/intro01.html