Kadazan-Dusun

Kadazan-Dusun (also written as Kadazandusun) is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah, Malaysia—the ethnic groups Kadazan and Dusun.

Kadazandusun sub-ethnic groups

Kadazandusun is made up of forty sub-ethnic groups of the Dusun and Kadazan.

* Bisaya
* Bonggi
* Bundu
* Dumpas
* Gana
* Garo
* Idaan
* Kedayan
* Kimaragang
* Kolobuan
* Kuijau
* Lingkabau
* Liwan
* Lobu
* Lotud
* Lundayeh
* Makiang
* Malapi
* Mangkaak
* Minokok
* Murut
* Ngabai
* Paitan
* Pingas
* Rumanau
* Rungus
* Sinobu
* Sinorupu
* Sonsogon
* Sukang
* Sungai
* Tatana
* Tangara
* Tidong
* Tindal
* Tobilung
* Tolinting
* Tombonuo
* Tuhawon
* Tutung



Dusun
Dusun is the collective name of a tribe or ethnic and linguistic group in the Malaysian controlled state of Sabah of North Borneo. Due to similarities in culture and language with the Kadazan ethnic group, and also because of other political initiatives, a new unified term called "Kadazan-Dusun" was created. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. A small minority of Dusuns can also be found in Brunei where they are defined by the constitution to be one of the seven Bumiputera groups.

The ethnic group, makes up, at one time, 30% of Sabah population and are broken down into more than 30 sub-ethnic, or dialectical groups, or tribes each speaking a slightly different dialect of the Dusunic family language. They are mostly mutually understandable.

Coincidentally, Dusun is the Malay word that means "orchard" and is derived from "Orang Dusun" or "men of the orchards" as their houses are surrounded with fruit trees. A popular misconception is that the Dusun people named themselves (or were named) according to the Malay definition of the word Dusun. In actuality, even before the Malay language or British colonists had arrived in Sabah, the Dusun had long since called themselves by the name 'Dusun'.

The Dusun traded with the coastal people by bringing their agricultural produce to exchange for salt, salted fish, and other products. The name 'Dusun' was popularized by the British colonial masters who borrowed the term from the Brunei Malays.

There is, however, confusion about the use of "Dusun" when the name, Kadazan, was introduced as the new identity of the Dusun people in the early 1960s. At one time there was a serious dispute between those who want the group to be called "Kadazans" (saying that "Dusun" was derogatory), and those who want to continue with the original "Dusun". The pro-Dusuns argued that "Kadazan" originates from the word "Kakadazan" (a place of many shops--"Kadai" is "shop" in Kadazan), thus "Kadazan" can also be said to originate from Malay! Those Dusuns in the Penampang and Papar district now prefer to be called Kadazans.

Kadazans
The Kadazans are an ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia,early they came from Mongolia and mixed with Tiong-kok. They are found mainly on the west coast of Sabah, the surrounding locales, and various locations in the interior. Due to similarities in culture and language (similar with Mongolia language, Achimet Tori) with the Dusun ethnic group, and also because of other political initiatives, a new unified term called "Kadazan-dusun" was created. Collectively, they form largest ethnic group Sabah.

Religion

The majority of the Kadazans are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and some Protestants. Islam is also practiced by a growing minority.

Before the influence of the British missionaries in the mid 19th century that resulted in Christianity rising to prominence amongst Kadazans, animism was the predominant religion. The Kadazan belief system centers around the spirit or entity called Kinoingan. It revolved around the belief that spirits ruled over the planting and harvesting of rice, a profession that had been practiced for generations. Special rituals would be performed before and after each harvest by a tribal priestess known as a bobohizan.

Unification

Presently, the Kadazans are associated together with another similar indigenous tribe, the Dusuns and various other indigenous peoples, under the blanket term Kadazan-Dusun. This is officially recognised as the result of political machinations, specifically, a resolution of the supposedly non-political 5th KCA (Kadazan Cultural Association, which was then renamed to Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA)) Delegates Conference held between November 4 and November 5, 1989. It was decided as the best alternative approach to resolve the "Kadazan" or "Dusun" identity crisis that had crippled and impeded the growth and development of the Kadazan-dusun multi-ethnic community socio-culturally, economically and politically - ever since Kadazanism versus Dusunism sentiments were politicized in the early 1960s.

Kadazans and Dusuns share the same language and culture, albeit with differences in dialect. Many consider the major difference between the two ethnic groups to be their traditional geographical influences. Kadazans are mainly inhabitants of the flat valley deltas, conducive to paddy field farming, while Dusuns are traditionally inhabitants of the hilly and mountainous regions common to the interior of Sabah.

Indigenous status

Being indigenous to Sabah, a part of Malaysia, the Kadazans are conferred the same political, educational and economic rights as the predominant Malay population of Malaysia. The term ascribed to this is Bumiputra (from Sanskrit Bhumiputra), a Malay word, which is translated to 'Sons of the Land'.

KCA
The designation is officially recognised as the result of political machinations, specifically as a resolution of the supposedly non-political 5th Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA) Delegates Conference held between November 4 and November 5, 1989 (KCA was later renamed to KDCA - Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association [1]). During the conference, it was decided that this was the best alternative approach to resolve the "Kadazan" or "Dusun" identity crisis that had crippled and impeded the growth and development of the Kadazan-Dusun multi-ethnic community socio-culturally, economically and politically—ever since Kadazanism versus Dusunism sentiments were politicised in the early 1960s.

This was the basis that led to the United Sabah Dusun Association (USDA) and the Kadazandusun Cultural Association (KDCA) to resolve that the Language to be taught in Schools as Pupils' Own Language (POL) shall be known as the Kadazandusun Language based mainly on the Bundu-Liwan dialect and to be enriched by the other Kadazandusun dialects. In Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), a Kadazandusun Chair has been established to undertake deeper research and documentation of the Kadazandusun's heritage and cultures. The University also offers the Kadazandusun language as an elective language subject, and it is quite popular among foreign students.

Kadazans and Dusuns share the same language and culture, albeit with differences in dialect. They were mainly peasants. Many consider the major difference between the two ethnic groups to be their traditional geographical influences. Kadazans are mainly inhabitants of the flat valley deltas, conducive to paddy field farming, while Dusuns are traditionally inhabitants of the hilly and mountainous regions common to the interior of Sabah. It has been theorized that the name is actually just 'Dusun', not Kadazan Dusun. The word 'Kadazan' came from the word 'Kedai', a word from the Dusun tongue which means 'shop'. The original Dusun people called the Dusuns who live in the cities, where there are lots of shops as Kekedaian or Dusun who live in the city. Dusun derived from a Chinese word pronunciation 'luisooun' meaning left by the boat. About 1,000 years ago the trade ties between China and this part of the world.A sunken Chinese junk containing ceramics from the Sung Dynasty off the coast of Kudat which was sank about 1,000 years ago. It was about 20m deep and located between Kudat and Pulau Banggi.There are still a couple of ships which sank and have not been found yet They managed to retrieve some of the old porcelain that dates back to a few hundred years and they found out that the ship had actually come from China. The retrieved ceramics from the wreck are now displayed at the Kota KInabalu Sabah Museum.

The indigenous people of Sabah and the indigenous people of China are related. The indigenous people of Sabah descendants are from the Chinese origins. In history, Kadazan also came from Mongolia.

Related articles/websites:

1. Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA), http://kdca.org.my/hongkod

20-point agreement

20 points agreement

The 20-point agreement, or the 20-point memorandum, is an agreement made between the state of Sabah (then North Borneo) with what would be the federal government of Malaysia prior to the formation of Malaysia in September 16, 1963.

Point 1: Religion

While there was no objection to Islam being the national religion of Malaysia there should be no State religion in North Borneo, and the provisions relating to Islam in the present Constitution of Malaya should not apply to North Borneo

Point 2: Language

* a. Malay should be the national language of the Federation
* b. English should continue to be used for a period of 10 years after Malaysia Day
* c. English should be an official language of North Borneo for all purposes, State or Federal, without limitation of time.

Point 3: Constitution

Whilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should form the basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be a completely new document drafted and agreed in the light of a free association of states and should not be a series of amendments to a Constitution drafted and agreed by different states in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for North Borneo (Sabah) was of course essential.

Point 4: Head of Federation

The Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of the Federation

Point 5: Name of Federation

“Malaysia” but not “Melayu Raya”

Point 6: Immigration

Control over immigration into any part of Malaysia from outside should rest with the Central Government but entry into North Borneo should also require the approval of the State Government. The Federal Government should not be able to veto the entry of persons into North Borneo for State Government purposes except on strictly security grounds. North Borneo should have unfettered control over the movements of persons other than those in Federal Government employ from other parts of Malaysia into North Borneo.

Point 7: Right of Secession

There should be no right to secede from the Federation

Point 8: Borneanisation

Borneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible.

Point 9: British Officers

Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public service until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo

Point 10: Citizenship

The recommendation in paragraph 148(k) of the Report of the Cobbold Commission should govern the citizenship rights in the Federation of North Borneo subject to the following amendments:

* a) sub-paragraph (i) should not contain the proviso as to five years residence
* b) in order to tie up with our law, sub-paragraph (ii)(a) should read “7 out of 10 years” instead of “8 out of 10 years”
* c) sub-paragraph (iii) should not contain any restriction tied to the citizenship of parents – a person born in North Borneo after Malaysia must be federal citizen.

Point 11: Tariffs and Finance

North Borneo should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff, and should have the right to work up its own taxation and to raise loans on its own credit.

Point 12: Special position of indigenous races

In principle, the indigenous races of North Borneo should enjoy special rights analogous to those enjoyed by Malays in Malaya, but the present Malays’ formula in this regard is not necessarily applicable in North Borneo

Point 13: State Government

* a) the Prime Minister should be elected by unofficial members of Legislative Council
* b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in North Borneo


Point 14: Transitional period

This should be seven years and during such period legislative power must be left with the State of North Borneo by the Constitution and not be merely delegated to the State Government by the Federal Government

Point 15: Education

The existing educational system of North Borneo should be maintained and for this reason it should be under state control

Point 16: Constitutional safeguards

No amendment modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to North Borneo should be made by the Central Government without the positive concurrence of the Government of the State of North Borneo

The power of amending the Constitution of the State of North Borneo should belong exclusively to the people in the state. (Note: The United Party, The Democratic Party and the Pasok Momogun Party considered that a three-fourth majority would be required in order to effect any amendment to the Federal and State Constitutions whereas the UNKO and USNO considered a two-thirds majority would be sufficient)

Point 17: Representation in Federal Parliament

This should take account not only of the population of North Borneo but also of its seize and potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of Singapore

Point 18: Name of Head of State

Yang di-Pertua Negara

Point 19: Name of State

Sabah
Point 20: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.

The provisions in the Constitution of the Federation in respect of the powers of the National Land Council should not apply in North Borneo. Likewise, the National Council for Local Government should not apply in North Borneo.

Sabah

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Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. In spite of its status as a Malaysian state, Sabah remains a disputed territory; the Philippines has a dormant claim over much of the eastern part of the territory. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah, the land beneath the winds", because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines.

History

1704 Sultan of Brunei cedes the lands east of Marudu Bay to the
Sultanate of Sulu.
1763 - 5 Mar 1775 Sultan of Sulu cedes Balambangan Islands and the Sabah
peninsula to British East India Company; Balambangan is
renamed Felicia Island.
1775 - 15 Jul 1946 Formally under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Sulu
(but from 1881 under British rule [see Philippines]).
1803 - Nov 1805 Second British attempt to settle Balambangan.
Nov 1865 - 1866 Failed American Trading Company settlement named Ellena in
North Borneo near the mouth of the Kimanis River.
26 Aug 1881 British North Borneo Charter Company rule.
12 May 1888 British protectorate (State of North Borneo)¹
18 Jan 1942 - 10 Sep 1945 Japanese occupation; part of Boruneo Kita (North Borneo)
(Brunei, British North Borneo, Sarawak and Labuan).
in May 1942 British Borneo divided into 4 Shu (provinces/states)
- Seikai-shu (western North Borneo); Kuching-shu (southern
Sarawak); Miri-shu (northern Sarawak and Brunei); and
Tokai-shu (eastern North Borneo); [Sibu-shu (central Sarawak)
Jul 1942 - Oct 1943?]; May - Jul 1942 Pontianak on the
west coast of Dutch Borneo was also briefly a Shu.
10 Sep 1945 - 5 Jan 1946 Australian military administration.
5 Jan 1946 - 15 Jul 1946 British military administration.
15 Jul 1946 British crown colony (British North Borneo [incl. Labuan]).
31 Aug 1963 Self-government granted.
16 Sep 1963 Joins Federation of Malaysia.


The region of present-day Sabah was part of the Sultanate of Brunei around the early 16th century. This was during the period when the Sultanate was at its 'golden era.' In 1658 the Sultan of Brunei ceded the northeast portion of Borneo to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for the latter's help in settling a civil war in the Brunei Sultanate. In 1761 an officer of the British East India Company, Alexander Dalrymple, concluded an agreement with the Sultan of Sulu to allow him to set up a trading post in the region. This together with other attempts to build a settlement and a military station centering around Pulau Balambangan proved to be a failure. There was minimal foreign interest in this region afterward and control over most parts of north Borneo seems to have remained under the Sultanate of Brunei. Palawan, Philippines was once to be part of Sabah until Filipinos protested it last 1994 and claimed again its territory.

In 1865 the American Consul of Brunei, Claude Lee Moses, obtained a 10-year lease over North Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei. Ownership was then passed to an American trading company owned by J.W. Torrey, T.B. Harris and some Chinese merchants. They set up a base and settlement in Kimanis but this too failed due to financial reasons. The rights of the trading company were then sold to Baron Von Overbeck, the Austrian Consul in Hong Kong, and he later obtained another 10-year renewal of the lease. The rights were subsequently transferred to Alfred Dent, whom in 1881 formed the British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd.

In the following year, the British North Borneo Company was formed and Kudat was made its capital. In 1883 the capital was moved to Sandakan to capitalise on its potential of vast timber resources. In 1888 North Borneo became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. Administration and control over North Borneo remained in the hands of the Company despite being a protectorate and they effectively ruled until 1942. Their rule had been generally peaceful except for some rebellions, including one led by the Suluk-Bajau leader Mat Salleh from 1894 to 1900, and another led by Antanum of the Muruts which is known as the Rundum resistance in 1915

Second World War and the road to independence

From 1942 to 1945 during the Second World War, Japanese forces occupied North Borneo. The Japanese forces landed in Labuan on January 1, 1942, and continued to invade the rest of North Borneo. Bombings by the allied forces devastated of most towns including Sandakan, which was totally razed to the ground. Resistance against Japanese occupation were concentrated on the west and north coast of North Borneo. The resistance in Jesselton was led by Albert Kwok and Jules Stephens of the Kinabalu Guerillas. Another resistance was led by Panglima Alli from Sulug Island, off the coast of Jesselton. In Kudat, there were also some resistance led by Tun Datu Mustapha. On October 10, 1943, the Kinabalu Guerrillas together with followers of Panglima Alli staged a surprise attack on the Japanese. The attack however was foiled. The 324 local residents who participated in the attacks, including Albert Kwok and Panglima Alli, were detained in Petagas and later executed on January 21, 1944.[4] The site of the execution is today known as the Petagas War Memorial.

In Sandakan there was once a brutal POW camp run by the Japanese for the prisoner British and Australian servicemen from North Borneo. They raped the locals all the time. They suffered in agony in their first year of captivity under notoriously inhuman conditions, but much worse was to come through forced marches of January, March and June 1945 ( refer to Sandakan Memorial Park WWII POW Museum Records ). Allied bombardments caused the Japanese to relocate the POW camp to inland Ranau, 260 km away. All the prisoners, who by then were thinned down to 2504 in numbers, were to be moved, but instead of transport, were forced to march the infamous "Sandakan-Ranau Death March" route. Sickness, disease, exhaustion, thirst, hunger, whipping or shooting of the failed escapees killed their lot except for the six Australians who successfully escaped, were never caught and survived to tell the horrific story of the death march. The fallen of this march are commemorated each year on Anzac Day (Memorial Day) in Australia and in Sandakan, at the original POW campsite where a POW hut style museum and a black marble memorial obelisk monument are nestling in a leafy, lilly ponded and peaceful park setting.

When Japan surrendered at the end of the war, North Borneo was administered by the British Military Administration and in 1946 it became a British Crown Colony. Jesselton was chosen to replace Sandakan as the capital. The Crown continued to rule North Borneo until 1963. On August 31, 1963 North Borneo attained self-government. There was a call for complete independence on that date by it was denied by the British Governor who remained in power until Malaysia Day. The intention had been to form Malaysia on August 31 but due to objection from the Philippines and Indonesia, the formation had to be postponed to September 16. On September 16, 1963, North Borneo together with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore formed the Federation of Malaysia and from then on, it became known as Sabah and declared independent from British sovereignty. To safeguard the interest of North Borneo in the new federation, a 20-point agreement was entered into between the federal and the state government.

Population
The population of Sabah was 2,449,389 in 2000 and was the third most populous state in Malaysia after Selangor and Johor. It is estimated that Sabah's population has exceeded that of Johor with an estimated population of 3,400,000 in 2007. Sabah indeed has one of the highest population growth rates in the country.

* Kadazan-Dusun: 17.8%
* Rungus
* Bajau: 13.4%
* Malay: 11.5%
* Murut: 3.3%
* Other bumiputra: 14.6%
* Chinese (majority Hakka): 13.2%
* Other non-bumiputra: 4.8%
* Non-Malaysian citizen: 25%

Statistics of religion by state are not provided by the Department of Statistics Malaysia. Sabah has one of the highest populations of Christians (Roman Catholic and Protestant) living in Malaysia but this proportion is believed to have fallen due to Muslim immigration from Malaya and Indonesia. Religious breakdown (2000): Islam 63.7%, Christianity 27.8%, Buddhism 12%, No Religion 1.0%, Taoism/Confucianism 0.4%, Others 0.3%, Hinduism 0.1%, Unknown 0.3%.

The federal government of Malaysia officially recognizes 28 ethnic groups as being indigenous or bumiputra in Sabah:

* Kadazan-Dusun
* Malay
* Kwijau
* Murut
* Bajau
* Illanun
* Lotud
* Rungus
* Tambanuo
* Dumpas
* Mangka'ak
* Suluk
* Orang Sungai
* Brunei
* Kedayan
* Bisaya Beaufort
* Tidong
* Maragang
* Orang Cocos
* Paitan
* Ida'an
* Minokok
* Rumanau
* Chinese of mixed bumiputra parentage

Other inhabitants:

* Filipino
* Indonesians
* Sarawak indigenous groups
* Serani


Governors of Balambangan
1763 - 1775 Alexander Dalrymple (b. 1737 - d. 1808)
1773 - 5 Mar 1775 John Herbert -Resident
1803 - Nov 1805 Robert Townsend Farquhar (b. 1776 - d. 1830)
Govenors of Ellena
Nov 1865 - 1866 Thomas B. Harris (b. 1826? - d. 1866)
+ Joseph W. Torrey (b. 1828 - d. 1883)
(titled Rajah of Ambong and Marudu)
Maharajah of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan
29 Dec 1877 - 26 Aug 1881 Alfred Dent (b. 1842 - d. 19..)
Chairmen of the British North Borneo Provisional Association, Ltd.
26 Aug 1881 - Apr/May 1882 Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (b. 1830 - d. 1894)
+ Alfred Dent (s.a.)
+ Richard Charles Mayne (b. 1835 - d. 1892)
+ William Henry McLeod Read (b. 1819 - d. 1907)
Chairmen of the British North Borneo Chartered Company
Apr/May 1882 - 1893 Sir Rutherford Alcock (b. 1809 - d. 1897)
1893 - 1903 Richard Biddulph Martin (b. 1838 - d. 1916)
1903 - 1909 Sir Charles James Jessel (b. 1860 - d. 1928)
1909 - 14 Sep 1910 William Clark Cowie (b. 1849? - d. 1910)
Presidents of the British North Borneo Chartered Company
1910 - 1926 Sir Joseph West Ridgeway (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
3 Feb 1926 - 15 Jul 1946 Sir Neill Malcolm (b. 1869 - d. 1953)

Governors
26 Aug 1881 - 1887 William Hood Treacher (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
1887 - 1888 William M. Crocker
1888 - 1895 Charles Vandelleur Creagh (b. 1842 - d. 1917)
1895 - 1900 Leicester Paul Beaufort (b. 1853 - d. 1926)
1900 - 1901 Hugh Charles Clifford (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
1901 - 1903 Ernest Woodford Birch (b. 1857 - d. 1929)
1904 - 1911 Edward Peregrine Gueritz (b. 1855 - d. 1938)
1911 - 1912 Francis Robert Ellis (b. 1849 - d. 1915)
1912 F.W. Fraser (1st time)(acting)
1912 James Scott Mason (b. 1853 - d. 1912)
1912 - 1913 F.W. Fraser (2nd time)(acting)
1913 - 1915 Cecil William Chase Parr (b. 1871 - d. 1943)
1915 - 1916 F.W. Fraser (3rd time)(acting)
1916 - 1922 Aylmer Cavendish Pearson (1st time)(b. 1876 - d. 1926)
1919 F.W. Fraser (acting for Pearson)
1922 - 1925 Sir William Henry Rycroft (b. 1861 - d. 1925)
1925 - 1926 Aylmer Cavendish Pearson (2nd time)(s.a.)
Oct 1926 - 16 Dec 1929 John Lisseter Humphreys (b. 1881 - d. 1929)
1930 - 1933 Arthur Frederick Richards (b. 1885 - d. 1978)
1934 - 1937 Douglas James Jardine (b. 1888 - d. 1946)
1937 - 18 Jan 1942 Charles Robert Smith (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1959)
(Japanese prisoner 18 Jan 1942 - Aug 1945)
Japanese Military Governors
1941 - 1942 Kiyotake Kawaguchi (b. 1892 - d. 1961)
1942 Tsuda Yoshitake
11 Apr 1942 - 5 Sep 1942 Toshitame Maeda (b. 1885 - d. 1942)
5 Sep 1942 - 26 Dec 1944 Masataka Yamawaki (b. 1884 - d. 1974)
26 Dec 1944 - 10 Sep 1945 Masao Baba (d. 1947)
Governors of Seikai-shu
1942 ....
1942 - 1945 Kuji Manabu
1945 Kuroda Shigeru
Governor of Kuching-shu
194. - 1945 Sotojiro Tokuno
Governor of Miri-shu
194. - 1945 Kodama Roichi
Governors of Tokai-shu
1942 - 1945 ....
Governor of Sibu-Shu
Jul 1943 - Oct? 1943 ....
Allied Military Governors
10 Sep 1945 - Jan 1946 Sir Thomas Charles Eastick (b. 1900 - d. 1988)
(Australia)
Jan 1946 - 15 Jul 1946 Edward Cecil James Woodford (U.K.) (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
Chief Civil Affairs Officer for Borneo
10 Sep 1945 - 30 May 1946 Charles Frederick Cunningham (b. 1888 - d. 1969)
Macaskie (U.K.)
Governors
10 Sep 1945 - Nov 1946 Charles Robert Smith (2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1946 - 1949 Edward Francis Twining (b. 1899 - d. 1967)
1950 - 1954 Sir Herbert Ralph Hone (b. 1896 - d. 1992)
4 Mar 1954 - 1959 Sir Ronald Evelyn Turnbull (b. 1905 - d. 1960)
1959 - 1963 Sir William Allmond Codrington (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
Goode

Heads of State (title Yang di-Pertuan Negara; from 1976, Yang di-Pertua Negeri)
16 Sep 1963 - 16 Sep 1965 Tun Mustapha Harun (b. 1918 - d. 1995)
16 Sep 1965 - 16 Sep 1973 Datuk Pangeran Ahmad Rafai (b. 1907)
16 Sep 1973 - 28 Jul 1975 Tun Mohd Fuad Stephens (b. 1920 - d. 1976)
28 Jul 1975 - 12 Oct 1977 Datuk Mohamad Indan Kari (b. 1921)
(from 197., Tun Mohd Hamdan)
12 Oct 1977 - 25 Jun 1978 Tun Ahmad Koroh (b. 1925 - d. 1978)
27 Jun 1978 - 31 Dec 1986 Tun Datuk Mohamad Adnan Robert (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1994 Tun Mohamad Said Keruak (b. 1926 - d. 1995)
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2002 Tun Sakaran Dandai (b. 1930)
1 Jan 2003 - Datuk Ahmadshah Abdullah (b. 1946)


Chief ministers (title Ketua Menteri)
16 Sep 1963 - 31 Dec 1964 Donald Stephens (1st time) (s.a.) UPKO
1 Jan 1965 - 12 May 1967 Peter Lo Su Yin (b. 1923) SCA
12 May 1967 - 1 Nov 1975 Tun Mustapha Harun (1st time) (s.a.) USNO
1 Nov 1975 - 18 Apr 1976 Tun Mohamad Said Keruak (s.a.) USNO
18 Apr 1976 - 6 Jun 1976 Tun Mohd Fuad Stephens (2nd time) (s.a.) BP
6 Jun 1976 - 22 Apr 1985 Datuk Harris Salleh (b. 1933) UMNO/BP
22 Apr 1985 (hours) Tun Mustapha Harun (2nd time) (s.a.) USNO
22 Apr 1985 - 17 Mar 1994 Datuk (from 1986, Datuk Seri (b. 1940) PBS
Panglima) Joseph Pairin Kitingan
17 Mar 1994 - 27 Dec 1994 Tun Sakaran Dandai (s.a.) UMNO/BN
27 Dec 1994 - 28 May 1996 Datuk (from 21 Mar 1996, Datuk (b. 1957) UMNO/BN
Seri) Salleh Said Keruak
28 May 1996 - 28 May 1998 Datuk Yong Teck Lee (b. 1958) SAPP/BN
28 May 1998 - 14 Mar 1999 Tan Sri Bernard Dompok (b. 1949) PDS
14 Mar 1999 - 27 Mar 2001 Datuk Seri Osu Sukam (b. 1949) UMNO/BN
27 Mar 2001 - 27 Mar 2003 Datuk Chong Kah Kiat (b. 1948) LDP/BN
7 Mar 2003 - Datuk (from 11 Oct 2003, Datuk (b. 1951) UMNO/BN
Seri) Musa Aman
(acting for Chong to 27 Mar 2003)

British Agents
12 May 1888 - 3 Jan 1942 the governors of the Straits
Settlements (see Singapore)


¹Gustav Freiherr von Overbeck (s.a.) was appointed Maharajah of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan by the Sultan of Brunei 29 Dec 1877 and Datu Bendahara and Rajah of Sandakan by the Sultan of Sulu 22 Jan 1878. In early 1881 Overbeck, Alfred Dent (s.a.), Richard Charles Mayne, and William Henry McLeod Read established the British North Borneo Provisional Association, Ltd. The British North Borneo Chartered Company (charter dated 1 Nov 1881) became the entity which, under U.K. protection and formal suzerainty of the Sultan of Sulu, constituted the State of North Borneo. The governors were appointed (with U.K. authorization) by the Chartered Company.

Related articles:

1. History of North Borneo, http://www.kinabaluweb.com/history.html
2. Sabah, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah
3.