Johore

Johor (Jawi script: جوهر ; also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ta'zim, or "Abode of Dignity"), also known as Johore by the British, is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most well developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri (Malay for Princess' Cliff). The old state capital is Johor Lama.

Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south which separates Johor and the Republic of Singapore.

History

The history of Modern Johor was began in the early 16th century with the foundation of the Sultanate of Johor by the Alauddin Riayat Shah II, the son of Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca who fled from the invading Portuguese in Malacca.His former name, however, was Raja Ali. Johor sultanate is one of the two successor states of the Melaka empire. Upon Malacca's defeat to the Portuguese in 1511, Alauddin Riayat Shah II had established a monarchy in Johor which posed a constant threat to the Portuguese. The Sultanate of Perak was the other successor state of Malacca and was established by Mahmud Shah's other son, Muzaffar Shah I. Johor is the only state, apart from Melaka, that has grown into an empire. During its peak, the whole of Pahang and the present day Indonesian territories of the Riau archipelago and part of Sumatra Island was under Johor's rule.

Modern Johor's establishment was characterised by a series of succession struggles interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers to maintain its political and economic hold in the Straits. In competition with the Acehnese of northern Sumatra and the port-kingdom of Malacca under Portuguese rule, Johor engaged in prolonged warfare with their rivals, often striking alliances with friendly Malay states and with the Dutch. In 1641, Johor in cooperation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca. By 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrepôt, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty.

Bugis Influence
In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the political powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene. In 1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor, controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga, controlled by the Bugis. This is when the history of modern Johor began. In 1855, under the terms of a treaty between the British in Singapore and Sultan Ali of Johor, control of the State was formally ceded to Dato' Temenggong Daing Ibrahim, with the exception of the Kesang area (Muar), which was finally handed over in 1877. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri (later to become Johor's present-day capital) in south Johor as a major town.

Temenggong Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Dato' Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor. In 1886, he was formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor (1864-1895) was the one who implemented the state constitution and developed a British-style administration system and constructed the Istana Besar, the official residence of the Sultan. For his achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title "Father of Modern Johor".

The increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, creating Johor's initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place with the first settlement of Kangkar Tebrau established in 1844.[2] The decline of the Kangchu economy at the end of the 19th century coincided with the opening of the railway line connecting Johor Bahru and the Federated Malay States in 1909 and the emergence of rubber plantations throughout the state.[3] Under the British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, was forced to accept a British adviser in 1904. D.G. Campbell was dispatched as the first British adviser to Johor. From the 1910s to the 1940s, Johor emerged as Malaya's top rubber producing state, a position it has held until recently. Johor was also until recently the largest oil palm producer in Malaysia.

During World War II, Johor Bahru became the last city on the Malay peninsula to fall to the Japanese. General Yamashita Tomoyuki had his headquarters on top of Bukit Serene and coordinated the downfall of Singapore.

Johor gave birth to the Malay opposition which derailed the Malayan Union plan. Malays under Dato' Onn Jaafar's leadership formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Johor on 11 May 1946. (UMNO is currently the main component party of Malaysia's ruling Barisan Nasional coalition.) In 1948, Johor joined the Federation of Malaya, which gained Independence in 1957.

Chronological list of Sultans, Johor (Johore)Sultanate

1400 Sultanate of Melaka (Malacca).
10 Aug 1511 Melaka annexed by Portugal; last sultan moves to Kampar.
1528/1864 Successor establishes Sultanate of Johor-Riau.
6 Feb 1819 Johor and Riau separate; Negeri Johor Darul Takzim established.
11 Dec 1885 British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state); with
a British adviser from 1910.
23/31 Jan 1942-12 Sep 1945 Occupied by Japan.
1 Apr 1946 Joins Malay Union .
31-8-1957 As state of independent Malaya
16-9-1963 Malaysia

Note:

1723 - Raja Kechil , accompanied by Orang Laut (Orang Suku Bentan and Orang Suku Bulang)and some of his supporter established a new kingdom in Siak, following an expulsion from Johor. The Johor Empire now split into two kingdom, one in Siak, Sumatra, the other in Malay Peninsula.

Sultans¹

3 Sep 1699 - Nov 1721 Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah (b. 16.. - d. 1721)
1721 - 20 Aug 1760 Sulaiman Badr ul-Alam Shah ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Jalil
Riayat Shah (b. 1699 - d. 1760)
20 Aug 1760 - 29 Jan 1761 Abdul Jalil Muadzam Shah ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Sulaiman Shah (b. 1738 - d. 1761)
29 Jan 1761 - 1770 Ahmad ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abdul
Jalil (b. 1752 - d. 1770)
29 Jan 1761 - 1770 .... -Regent
1770 - 12 Jan 1811 Mahmud Shah Alam ibni al-Marhum
Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah (b. 1756 - d. 1811)
10 Nov 1784 - 7 Feb 1787 Regency Council
1811 - 6 Feb 1819 Abdul Rahman Muadzam Shah ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah
6 Feb 1819 - 5 Sep 1835 Husain Muadzam Shah ibni al-Marhum (b. 1776 - d. 1835)
Sultan Mahmud Shah
5 Sep 1835 - 10 Mar 1855 Ali Iskandar Shah ibni al-Marhum
Sultan Husain Muadzam Shah (b. 1820 - d. 1877)
(not recognized; rules at Muar to 20 Jun 1877)
Rulers, with the title Datuk Temeggong Seri Maharaja
5 Sep 1835 - 31 Jan 1862 Tun Daeng Ibrahim bin Tun Abdul (b. 1811 - d. 1862)
Rahman
1 Feb 1862 - 1868 Tun Abubakar Seri Maharaja bin Tun
Ibrahim (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
Maharaja
1868 - 13 Feb 1886 Abubakar bin Tun Ibrahim (s.a.)

Sultans¹
13 Feb 1886 - 4 Jun 1895 Tuanku Abubakar bin Tun Ibrahim (s.a.)
4 Jun 1895 - 8 May 1959 Tuanku Ibrahim ibni al-Marhum
Sultan Abubakar (b. 1873 - d. 1959)
8 May 1959 - 10 May 1981 Tuanku Ismail ibni al-Marhum
Sultan Ibrahim (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
11 May 1981 - 22 Jan 2010 Tuanku Mahmud Iskandar ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Ismail (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
26 Apr 1984 - 25 Apr 1989 Tunku Ibrahim Ismail -Regent (b. 1958)
22 Jan 2010 - 23 Jan 2010 Tunku Ibrahim Ismail -Regent (s.a.)
23 Jan 2010 - Tuanku Ibrahim Ismail ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Iskandar (s.a.)


¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) to 1855: Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Sultan ("Sultan of Malacca [1819 Johor]");
(b) from 1885: "By the grace of God Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of the State and Territory of Johor Darul Takzim."


British General Advisers

1910 - 1914 Douglas Graham Campbell (1st time) (b. 1867 - d. 1918)
1915 - 1916 F.G. Weld (acting)
1916 - 1917 Douglas Graham Campbell (2nd time) (s.a.)
1918 - 1919 F.J. Hallifax (acting)
1919 - 1920 J.F. Owen (acting)
1920 - 1926 Hayes Marriott (b. 1873 - d. 1929)
1924 G.A. Hereford (acting for Marriott)
1924 G. Hemmant (acting for Marriott)
1926 - 1928 Charles Walter Hamilton Cochrane (b. 1876 - d. 1932)
1928 - 1931 Ceorge Ernest Shaw (b. 1877 - d. 1958)
1931 - 1935 Richard O. Winstedt (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
1935 - 1940 Walter Evelyn Pepys (b. 1885 - d. 1966)
1940 - 1941 William Douglas Barron (b. 1887 - d. 19..)

Japanese Governors
31 Jan 1942 - 1943 the Commanders of the 25th Army
1943 - 1945 Kenji Dohihara (b. 1883 - d. 1948)
1945 - 12 Sep 1945 Seishiro Itagaki (b. 1885 - d. 1948)

British Resident Commissioners
1945 - 194. ....
1 Apr 1946 - 194. Arthur Sleep (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 19..)
1946 - Feb 1948 Eric Ernest Falk Pretty (b. 1891 - d. 1967)
Jan 1947 - Aug 1947 Wilfred Charles Steuart Corry (b. 1900)
(acting for Pretty)
Feb 1948 - Feb 1949 Arthur Sleep (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1949 - Jul 1952 John Falconer (b. 1898 - d. 19..)
Jul 1952 - 26 Feb 1954 J.D. Hodgkinson (acting) (b. 1907 - d. 1954)
Sep 1953 - Nov 1953 J.K. Creer (acting for Hodgkinson) (b. 1908)
Mar 1954 A. Glencross (acting)
Mar 1954 - Jan 1957 David Alford Somerville (b. 1908)
Jan 1955 - Jul 1955 R.L. Peel (acting for Somerville) (b. 1914)



Chief ministers (title Menteri Besar)
1886 - Jul 1890 Datuk Jaafar bin Mohamed (b. 1838 - d. 1919)
Jul 1920 - 1922 Datuk Mohamed bin Mahbob (b. 1852 - d. 1926)
Sep 1923 - 1928 Abdullah bin Jaafar (b. 1875 - d. 1934)
16 Sep 1928 - 23 Nov 1931 Mustapha bin Jaafar
23 Nov 1931 - 28 Dec 1934 Datuk Abdul Hamid bin Yusof (b. 1876 - d. 1934)
Apr 1935 - 1 Jun 1947 Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Majid (b. 1887 - d. 1951)
1 Jun 1947 - 18 May 1950 Onn Jaafar (b. 1895 - d. 1962)
18 May 1950 - 20 Feb 1952 Vacant
20 Feb 1952 - 5 Jun 1955 Datuk Syed Abdul Kadir bin Mohamed (b. 1900)
1 Oct 1955 - 16 Jun 1959 Datuk Wan Idris bin Ibrahim (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
27 Jun 1959 - 31 Jan 1967 Tan Sri Hassan Yunos (b. 1907 - d. 1968) UMNO
Feb 1967 - Apr 1982 Dato' (from 4 Jun 1975, Tan Sri) (b. 1927 - d. 2007) UMNO
Othman Saat
29 Apr 1982 - 12 Aug 1986 Datuk Abdul Ajib bin Ahmad (b. 1947) UMNO/BN
12 Aug 1986 - 3 May 1995 Muhyiddin bin Yassin (b. 1947) UMNO/BN
(from 1988, Tan Sri Muhyiddin bin Yassin)
3 May 1995 - Abdul Ghani Othman (b. 1946) UMNO/BN
(from 13 Apr 1996, Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman)